INTERTEXTUALITY AND MANIPULATION IN THE DISCOURSE OF INCITEMENT ON JIHAD: THE CASE STUDY OF AL-QAEDA’S FORMER LEADER OSAMA BIN LADEN (1998-2004)
Assist. Prof. Dr. Sawsan Kareem Al-Saaidi
College of Education/ University of Al-Qadisiyah sawsan.alsaaidi@qu.edu.iq susuk500@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The study examines Osama bin Laden’s selected speeches which incite al-Qaeda’s followers in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and many other countries on the use of jihad. Bin Laden used religious references and quotations from Glorious Quran and Prophetic Hadith to manipulate the use of jihad and thus to make the speeches persuasive. The study aims at showing how bin Laden used intertextuality including religious
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Theoretical Framework
3.1 Fairclough’s (1992) concept of intertextuality The researcher has employed Fairclough’s (1992) concept of intertextuality based on Bakhtin (1981) and Kriesteva (1986). According to Fairclough (1992), intertextuality is of two types: constitutive intertextuality or interdiscursitivity and manifest intertextuality. Constitutive intertextuality or interdiscursitivity concerns with the constitution of the text through the mixture with other different genres, discourses and styles (Bullo, 2014). Manifest intertextuality refers to the presence of other’s words through the use of quotation marks and reported speeches. This indicates that in any text there are various elements and voices utilised from various sources that speak directly or indirectly to the reader.
3.2 Van Dijk’s (1998) Ideological Square Theory In this section, the researcher explains van Dijk’s (1998) theory of ideology which revolves around the notion of ideological Square. The word Square refers to four dimensions that can elucidate and validate the existence of societal inequality and polarisation. The ideological Square includes:
1. Express/emphasize information that is positive about
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Anyone who takes them as an ally becomes one of them—God does not guide such wrongdoers."
(H) God Almighty said: "[Let them be] on their guard and armed with their weapons: the disbelievers would dearly like you to be heedless of your weapons and baggage, so that they can take you in a single assault."
(I) As the Prophet, said: "Only he whose aim in fighting is to keep God's word supreme fights in God's cause.'"
(J) God's Prophet, said: "Bring good news and do not discourage others."
(K) He also said: "Abu Talha's voice in the army is better than a thousand men."
(L) At the battle of Yarmuk, a man said to Khaled ibn Walid: "How many the Byzantines are, and how few the Muslims."
(M) Khaled, may God be pleased with him, replied: "Nonsense. Armies do not triumph by having large numbers. They are only conquered by their own
Throughout literature and novels we can find authors who will reference history, other authors works and most often the Bible. One may ask themselves the reasoning behind allusions and how it can affect our perspective and the authors meaning when reading the novel. In the late sixties, Julia Kristeve, who studied the elements of literature and other communication systems, introduced the word “Intertextuality”. In Kristave’s essay “Word, Dialogue, and Novel” she went into deep analysis of an authors work and its text, “A literary work, then, is not simply the product of a single author, but of its relationship to other texts and to the strucutures of language itself. Any text," she argues, "is constructed of a mosaic of quotations; any text
“We shall follow you wherever you go. If danger threatens you, we shall face it also. If it be death, we shall die with you. You are damned, and we wish to share your damnation.” (p.37)
and children in the name of a god. They could not see how a group of people
In How to Read Literature like a Professor one of the new literary skills I learned was intertextuality. Intertextuality is a connection between different literary sources, such as “the ongoing interactions between poems and stories” (Foster 29). Similar to intertextuality, the
Likewise, Goodwin illustrates how the use of categorical terrorism can be seem being used by Al-Qaida during the attacks of 9/11. Nonetheless, it is evident that Al-Qaida is unusual in terms of using terrorism to influence the rise of unity rather than trying to overthrow a standing state. For the purpose of instigating a pan-Islamic revolutionary movement, Al-Qaida tries to unite all Islamic people under one state to develop umma, or Muslim community. The logic of Al-Qaida remained that if their “revolutionaries” could illicit a reaction from the powerful US state, resulting in oppression of the middle-eastern region, that Al-Qaida could, as a result, unite all Muslims to counter this suggested oppression. Although the end goal of Al-Qaida clear failed, it does suggest the organization’s attempt at implementing categorical terrorism.
Schweitzer, Y., & Shay, S. (2003). The globalization of terror: The challenge of al-qaida and the response of the international community. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
While there is no precise definition of the term, the meaning of Jihad is far more complex. In fact, the term Jihad generally refers to the struggle one must undertake as one “strive[s] in the path of God” (Church 110). That struggle is defined both externally and internally. As so, they are classified in terms of an external struggle with enemies or non believers, or an internal struggle with oneself to reject greed and temptation. While popular opinion has been misconstrued to see Jihad as a malevolent, violent action; a serious investigation of the term’s historical and religious background reveals a multi-defined word.
During the capture of Jerusalem, the crusading forces massacred not only Muslims, but Jews and even other Christians. Men, women and children alike, no one was safe from these crusaders who did what they wanted. They butchered Jerusalem’s inhabitants in the streets, without care of what God might think (which is ironic considering this was a war in the name of God).... ... middle of paper ...
“We have fifty million Muslims in Europe. There are signs that Allah will grant Islam victory in Europe - without swords, without guns, without conquests. The fifty million Muslims of Europe will turn it into a Muslim continent within a few decades. Europe is in a predicament, and so is America. They should agree to become Islamic in the course of time, or else declare war on the Muslims.”
There is a strong belief that Islam and politics are directly tied. They are tied in the sense that the building blocks of the religion dictate how they ought to behave in the political environment. Through this mandatory follow up behavior that the religion delineates, many have come to believe that its teachings are a form of terrorism. Mandaville argues that what has challenged the Islamic link between politics and religion was the emergence of secularism, which went against the belief that politics and religion could go together. Islam has been a religion that has been accused of supporting terrorist activities in the world. Different assumptions have been brought up to understand better the linkages between what really lies behind the Islam religion and politics. Peter Mandaville argues that Islam is dynamic and that it has changed over time; situated within time and politics.
In light of recent events in the global community, one word that is used frequently but rarely truly understood is the Islamic word Jihad. Jihad has become a very volatile word, so it is necessary that those who use it should understand exactly what it means, what it entails, and what significance it has in current global events.
Queen Elizabeth skillfully used diction throughout her speech to motivate the troops. In the speech, Queen Elizabeth used the word “we” four times to underscore her feeling of unity between her and her country. She conveyed her care about the welfare of everyone in the country. This inspired the soldiers to remain patriotic and want to fight for their nation. In addition, the queen refered to the soldiers as “noble” and “worthy”, praising them with positive words. She intended to make the soldiers see that the task was significant, making them feel that they were important and want to protect the kingdom of Spain. Later in the sentence, Queen Elizabeth used the phrase “enemies of my God” in the conclusion of her speech. She used a powerful word to connect with the troops by juxtaposing her and their anger toward Spain, emboldening them to challenge the expected invaders. Queen Elizabeth’s impacting usage of diction gave the soldiers the will to fight, fulfilling the purpose of the speech.
Violence is committed against the Deity/ by cursing Him and denying Him in one’s heart; (1448, 1449).
The author also explained that shortly after the Hijra, another verse was revealed to him, giving permission for one to fight if they feel they have been wronged. Furthermore, war against unbelievers, or Jihad, is encouraged. One who fights for his purpose will have a far greater reward than one who chooses not to. Those who are killed in battle will have paradise to look forward to, “They have struck a bargain with God.”(Cook, 1983: 54). This policy is very convenient and effective for Muhammad to spread his religion. It is very motivating to believe you have God on your side during a war.
warning of the same enemy of God that will become a danger to them. Cleverly, at the