Application: The Application Module gives us the advantage to actually communicate or communicate with the computer. The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interacts directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implements a communicating component. Application-Layer functions include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synching communication. The application layer is used only when it’s apparent that access to the server will be needed. The application layer acts as a network between the Application program. Advantages: • Provides user with the interface to communication • Maintained …show more content…
Computers are configured to receive this generically formatted data and convert it back in its native format for reading. It relieves the application layer of concern regarding grammatical differences in data representation within the end-users systems. This layer deals with issues of string representation whether they use the Pascal method or the C or the C++ method. Tasks like data compression, decompression, encryption and decryption are all associated with this layer. Advantages: • Reduces complexity Disadvantages: • LAN applications need very fast setup with each other but the connection mode transfer in OSI requires an agreement. Session: Is responsible for setting up, managing, and then taking down sessions between Presentation layer entities. This layer provides dialog control between devices, or nodes and offers three different modes namely simplex, half duplex and full duplex. It provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session between end-user application processes. Communication sessions consist of requests and responses that occur between applications. Session-layer services are commonly used in application environments that make use of remote procedure calls and keeps different applications data separate. Advantages: • Facilitates Modular engineering Disadvantages: • Data can become
OSI – Open Systems Interconnection - is reference model for how applications can communicate over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.
MAC Layer Connections: Management connections and data transport connections are two connections in this layer. The management connections have three types: basic, primary, and secondary. A basic connection and primary connection are created for each MS when they join the network. A basic connection is used for short and urgent management message. And a primary connection is used for delay-tolerant management messages. The secondary connection is used for IP summarized management messages such as dynamic host configuration protocol [DHCP], and simple network management protocol [SNMP]. Transport connections can be provisioned or can be recognized on demand. They are used for user traffic flows. Unicast or multicast can be used for transmission.
The TCP/IP model is what is currently used for IPv4. This is the current standard protocol for internet addressing (Tetz, 2011). The Network interface layer is responsible for dealing with the physical aspects of connectivity in a network. This like the physical, network and data link layer of the OSI model has to do with converting data, establishing connectivity, sending out data, and it also hold the MAC address. The Application Layer in the TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model. Two network hosts have a communication session and the application layer is the end point at either end of that
Sending data through the internet efficiently has always posed many problems. The two major technologies used, Ethernet and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), have done an admirable job of porting data, voice and video from one point to another. However, they both fall short in differing areas; neither has been able to present the "complete" package to become the single, dominant player in the internet market. They both have dominant areas they cover. Ethernet has dominated the LAN side, while ATM covers the WAN (backbone). This paper will compare the two technologies and determine which has a hand-up in the data trafficking world.
Back in the 1980's, when all music sucked and men dressed like fags, a bunch of sissy Europeans got together in a passionate effort to overstandardize computer networking. They created this thing called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking suite. Anyone who has taken a CS (Computer Science) or CIS (Computer Information Systems) course knows this; they cram this fact down the student's throat from day freaking one. It is only when the student enters the real world do they realise that the OSI seven layer model is a sham.
"The Physical Layer is special compared to the other layers of the model, because it is the only one where data is physically moved across the network interface. All of the other layers perform useful functions to create messages to be sent, but they must all be transmitted down the protocol stack to the Physical Layer, where they are actually sent out over the network."(Kozierok, 2004)
Interfaces are used to consider the existing communication services and the components are used to implement the interfaces. These components and interfaces use a message buffer called message_ t that is implemented as nesC structure. This message buffer message_ t was used as TOS_ Msg in the first version of Tiny os and in the latest version of it has been replaced as message_ t. In the first version of the tiny os the message buffers were accessed directly but in the latest version they cannot be accessed directly instead this function can be read and written in the form of mutator and accessor functions.
The use of the Internet has exploded in the past few decades, and the age of the user is swiftly declining as well (Greenfield, Patricia, and Zheng Yan). “The spread of Internet access has been described as nine times faster than that of radio, four times faster than the personal computer, and three times faster than television” (Shields, Margie, and Behrman 5). The Internet has woven itself into people’s daily lives and has really changed culture in numerous ways. It has helped make education more accessible, especially to those in developing countries. Specifically, it has brought life saving health practices and information to those who otherwise would have gone without it. Also, children who need extra help learning, like kids with special
The developed countries managed to develop their economy by technology. The rich countries have sought access to the Internet for use in the development of the economy because they know the use of the Internet will develop countries. Most of the developed countries used the Internet fantastically in the development of the state in all respects, not only on the economy. However, the developing countries did not use the technology to develop their countries. Because of this, they cannot develop their economy unless they take advantage of the Internet to develop the economic situation. Now the poor countries are trying to use the Internet after they saw the developed countries use it to increase their economy. The best way
In Nigeria today, scholarships are becoming a great way to get free money for university degree. But most of the time, students appear to have a little knowledge about how they can get the scholarship. Students believe scholarships can only be given to meritorious students. Internet has proved to be a great source of finding a variety of scholarships. There are scholarships for all kinds of student. Finding scholarships on the Internet requires some tips and suggestions, so that students or parents do not turn out to be a victim of scholarship scams.
ErrealMedia (2010) Network standards OSI Reference Model; History of OSI Model; OSI Layers in Action http://www.erealmedia.com/cms125/
Internet Protocol version 4 is the current standard “IP” protocol used with Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is the protocol for Internet addressing. Like the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, TCP/IP has its own model. The TCP/IP network model represents reality in the world, whereas the OSI model represents an ideal. The TCP/IP network model has four basic layers. The first layer, Network interface layer, deals with all physical components of network connectivity between the network and the IP protocol. Next the Internet layer contains all functionality that manages the movement of data between two network devices over a routed network. Then the Transport layer manages the flow of traffic between two hosts or devices, ensuring that data arrives at the application on the host for which it is targeted. And last, the Application layer acts as final endpoints at either end of a communication session between two network hosts (Tetz).
The internet as we all know is probably the most useful resource known to man in this day of age. Not only is the internet easy to access its easy to use. Nearly everyone owns a computer and nearly all of which have access to the internet. But isn't that a good thing? Millions of people having the ability to access and share all the information anybody could ever want.
Technology has changed modern society drastically, both positively and negatively. Technology has influenced every aspect of our life, making it simpler but not necessarily better. Albert Einstein was concerned about the advancement of technology. "I fear the day that technology will surpass our human interaction."1 Undoubtedly, what has changed the most are communication, the spread of information, and how business is practiced. Consequently, practically everyone knows how to use a computer, connect to the Internet, or use a smartphone. This is demonstrated by the way the Internet is used daily by millions of people to communicate, to sell, advertise, retrieve, and share information. Thanks to the Internet, information from anywhere in the world is at our fingertips. As a result, the advancement of technology has changed our life in many ways including; sharing of information, communication, business, education, social interaction, simplifying everyday tasks, replacing basic skills and jobs.
The new age of technology was born late last century in the form of the silicone chip. Since this early invention computers have progressed in leaps and bounds from the very basic early models to the now very complicated and very powerful computers of today. In between this growth the Internet developed into a mega market where billions of dollars are traded daily. It is a place where you can pretty much buy and sell anything you can think of. But with the development of such a powerful tool there are always going to be problems such as pornography, hackers, dodgy chat rooms and authenticity of information. But like with any argument you have to weigh up the good with the bad, the internet provides you with a wealth of information so that you can find out much on many different products, allows businesses to function so much more efficiently, there is also the availability of online learning.