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Multinational corporation problems
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International Tax Planning
Nowadays, business world is becoming increasingly international. Though multinational corporations have existed for a long time, today the number of average or even small business on the international scene is increasing in terms of globalization and the Internet usage.
It very important to understand, that that different countries not only have very different natural, labor and financial resources, but also may have radically different tax systems. It is not just about the rates. Tax systems can vary even in the principles of levying taxes. Besides of national legislations tax issues, global commerce are regulated by international agreements between individual countries.
The entrepreneur desire to reduce the production costs of their products is natural. Therefore, for example, the production of consumer electronics is rapidly moving from developed countries to China and Malaysia, where labor cost is lower (Dahlman, n.d). As one of advantages, the benefits of the national tax system of some countries may be a kind of resource as useful as cheap labor or a mineral deposit, which attract business from all corners of the earth. This is especially useful for the mobile types of commerce, such as international trade and finance.
While constructing scheme of work international business always takes into consideration the tax attractiveness of countries, where it will act. Moreover, in certain cases, tax considerations play a decisive role for the choice of activities of various departments of the company. It happens, that the corporation completely rebuilds its global structure based on tax considerations. This is called, in fact, the international tax planning, that is a legitimate tax minimization activitie...
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...n international tax planning is to comply with this boundary, remaining within the law. Thus, international companies should be engaged in the development of qualified professionals in order to make tax schemes both effective and legitimate
Works Cited
Dahlman, C. (n.d.). Technology, globalization, and international competitiveness: Challenges for developing countries. United Nations. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/publications/industrial_development/1_2.pdf
Focus Business Services. (n.d.). Holding companies. Focus Business Services. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from: http://www.fbscyprus.com/?pageid=55
Unger, B. (2013). Money laundering and tax evasion – analysis of recent developments. CRIM. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201304/20130425ATT65086/20130425ATT65086EN.pdf
The IRS usually do not need to validate ordinary business transactions since both the involved parties behave on their own self-interests. However, the IRS is skeptic of any transactions when it comes to evasion of estate taxes and international subsidiaries. When two unrelated companies enter in a transaction, they are involved in arm’s length transaction. However, such is not the case for related companies as they may try to distort the price of the transaction to avoid tax burden. As the boundary of tax evasion and tax avoidance is very thin, especially when it comes to estate tax and international subsidiaries, people often tend to topple over to the evasion side. The case of Estate of H.A. True, Jr. v Commissioner of Internal Revenue in 2005 illustrates the difficulty of obtaining the objective of tax avoidance and how expensive the failed effort of tax avoidance can be (Journal of Financial Service Professionals). Numerous cases of tax avoidance and evasion such as XILINX Inc. and H.A. True illustrate the confusion surrounding the arm’s length standards (ALS) and its application to cost sharing agreements (CSAs). In case of XILINX, the court altered its decisions few times considering the uncertainties of the arm’s length standards. Meanwhile the company believed to have satisfied the standards. Due to the complexity of the arm’s length standards, these cases were compared to other similar transactions. However, it is rare to find two identical cases which meet all the criteria. In both of these cases, the court couldn’t pin point what the actual standards of the arm’s length standards were, giving rise to opportunities of tax evasion. To put the arm’s length standards to a simplest form, the standard requires the two related parties to structure their transactions in such a manner as they would if they were two unrelated parties in similar
The phrase “tax haven” usually is associated with the islands of the Caribbean, the Alps of Switzerland, or a developing nation looking to improve its economy by encouraging businesses to come there, a place where the wealthy and multi-national enterprises can hide away their wealth from home states. They are seen as corrupt states, willing to help the already corrupted, but is the full truth? Could it be that tax havens play a key part in the development of not only a state, but the furthering of the international economy as well? The answer, while a complicated one, can be found. Through understanding key definitions and examining the effects that a tax haven can have on a state in which the haven is located and those around it, it will be seen that tax havens do play both a negative and a positive role within the international economy through the means of foreign direct investment.
Magee, S. P. (1977). Multinational corporations, the industry technology cycle and development. Journal of World Trade, 11(4), 297-321.
In today's society income taxes are something in which almost everyone is familiar. However, the tax law and general purpose of income taxes is something in which the general society gives little thought. In addition, few tax preparers are aware that differences exist between the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and tax accounting, not to mention the ramifications of avoiding or evading to proper complete the reporting of income taxes. This paper will discuss the objectives of modern tax law, the differences between Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and tax accounting as well as the differences between tax evasion and tax avoidance.
When it comes to doing business internationally the decision making is more complex. There are many interactions between each country that need to be addressed. In order for a business to be successful in the international market they need to examine and analyze all the facets of their company. They need
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the layout of taxation. I will differentiate the types of taxes and the roles that they serve currently. Subsequently, I will explain what equity, efficiency, effectiveness and transparency (EEET) are and show how they apply to taxation as a whole. Lastly, I will conclude how the EEET applies to the four tax types.
Empirical studies were conducted all over the world to estimate the compliance cost. Evans (2008) acknowledged that the number of the compliance and/or administrative cost studies conducted and published after the Haig’s (probably first organized compliance cost study) study in 1935 is more than 100. Despite the existence of the large body of literature, the concept of tax compliance cost remain ambiguous. Most of the research narrow the concept to the objective of their research. Therefore, this essay aims at bringing an overview of the concept in single essay. The next section of the essay discusses the definitions of compliance cost, the third section discusses aspects of compliance cost and finally, the last section gives a recap of the essay.
In recent decades, the process of globalization has accelerated and the world economy has become increasingly interdependent. The rise in the number of businesses that extensively operate in more than one foreign country, which is known as multinational corporations, plays an important role in the ongoing procedure of globalization. The United Nations has reported that multinational corporations hold one-third of world’s productive assets and control 70 percent of world trade (Schermerhorn et al., 2014). As there is a considerable growth in international businesses, worldwide economy is becoming more highly competitive. The global economy not only offers great opportunities for multinational enterprises but also on the other hand, creates many difficulties for them. Therefore, success in the large-scale economy requires a number of elements. One of the major determinants is dependent on global managers. In the operation of organizations, managers may encounter different international management challenges that restrict their business development. These challenges often include issues associated with the host countries, the global workforce diversity management, management across cultures, difficulties in competitive global business environment as well as in the process of global planning and controlling. This essay is going to discuss the above international management challenges in a broad sense and giving illustration in aspects of each challenge.
Globalization encourages worldwide business. Globalization is an efficient process by which all the nations of world will commonly try to set regular universal standards & regulations (both created & recommended) which will encourage business around different nations. Business around nations or elements crosswise over different fringes is called universal business.
Tax policy is a major issue in today’s society that affects the changes of economic growth that is being portray. Tax policy is the choice by a government as to what taxes to excise, the amount, and on whom. It has a macroeconomic and microeconomic aspects of tax policy, the macroeconomic has an overall concern of taxes to collect, which affects the level of economic activity; this is called the fiscal policy. The microeconomic concerns the issues of fairness and a preferences of the consumer from the amounts of various types of economic activity. Due to tax policy is a big issue that has been affecting the economy in several of ways.
...ll as private sectors have gone international with new ventures outside the country. These companies are generating revenue, though modest compared to their overall sales revenue, by deputing their expert personnel outside.
15. Hill, Charles W.L. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2007.
The structure of global economy is an evidently dependent structure, depending on several aspects of the government to power its economy and keep it running reliably. The cycle goes on between the government, firms, product markets, resource markets and finally households. Looking at the government, they provide public goods and services to the firms and households and welcome taxes from both aspects. Differently, they make payments to the resource markets, receiving resources in return, and provide prices for the product markets receiving good and services in return. Moving to the firms, they offer wages, interests, rents and profits to resource markets benefiting of their resources production in return and goods and services to product...
Nowadays, business is set in a global environment. Companies not only regard their locations or primary market bases, but also consider the rest of the world. In this context, more and more companies start to run multinational business in various parts of the world. In this essay, companies which run multinational business are to be characterized as multinational companies'. By following the globalization campaign, multinational companies' supply chains can be enriched, high costs work force can be transformed and potential markets can be expanded. Consequentially, competitive advantages of companies can be strengthened in a global market. Otherwise, some problems are met in the changed environments in foreign countries at the same time. The changed environments can be divided into four main aspects, namely, cultural environment, legal environment, economic environment and political system problems. All the changed environments make problems to multinational companies. In particular, problems which are caused by changed culture environment are the most serious aspect of running a multinational business. This essay will discuss these problems and give some suggestions to solve them.
Stonehouse, G., Campbell, D., Hamill, J. & Purdie, T. (2004). Global and Transnational Business (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.