The ultimate goal of Instructional Design is to quickly and effectively teach people a new skill, or system of thinking. Elliot Masie, editor of TechLearn Trends, suggests ¡§all training is about behavioral stimulation that changes human beings on some level.¡¨ (Masie, 1998, p. 14) This is a tall order ¡§to change human beings¡¨, and therefore, any professional instructor that accepts this challenge must ask plenty of fundamental questions first. These essential questions are part of a process known as Needs Assessment. This critical front-end work is going to 1. Provide information about audience capabilities and preparedness.
2. Establish that, indeed, there is a need for training. 3. Reveal information regarding the company culture.
An instructor needs this information to choose tools for the program; the more you know your audience, both customer and learners, the more successful the program will be. There are several need assessment models to follow, but I will use ¡§The Zemke-Kramlinger Model of the Major Human and Organizational Factors that Affect People Performance in an Organization¡¨. Their model asks hard questions in three different categories:
Performer Skills
„h What Abilities
„h What Skill Level
„h Job Knowledge
„h Objective
„h Needs
Company Support
„h Objective
„h Expectations
„h Reward
„h Punishment
„h Feedback
„h Support
Corporate Culture
„h History
„h Mission
„h Goals
„h Strategy
„h Tactics
„h Plans
Without this information, the designer is only guessing.
Once a designer is confident the needs assessment has provided a solid foundation to start building a program, different tools, or media, should be considered. The variety of tools ranges from simple (print) to high tech (satellite dish communication). The American Society for Training and Development has published a book that outlines an eight-step process for assisting in selection of the proper tools. The steps are as follows:
1. Understand all the training tools available with the benefits and drawbacks of their use.
2. List the media delivery that WILL WORK FOR YOUR AUDIENCE AT THEIR CAPABILITY LEVEL.
3. Evaluate your media list with the goals of training, and level of audience in mind.
4. Conduct a cost comparison.
5. Synthesize findings and establish ¡§core media¡¨.
6. Consider auxiliary media that would augment your ¡§core media¡¨.
7. Identify any implementation issues, organizational requirements, or technical limitations which could prevent successful use of your ¡§core media¡¨.
8. Prepare your conclusion in a formal report for management.
With all the preparation out of the way, just what tools are we talking about? Here is a list of possibilities:
Manuals
Handouts
Video Tape
Overheads
Data Bases
CD Rom
Interactive Video Conference
Internet
Computer Base Training
Satellite Distance Learning
With information on the objectives, learners, the company, budget, constraints etc.
Make a plan to link training and development to the business strategy that is understood by employees at all levels and their customers and ensure senior leadership publicly supports the training and development (Noe, 2013)
Zenger, Weldon F. & Zenger, Sharon K. (1999). Schools and curricula for the 21st century: Predictions, visions and anticipations. NASSP Bulletin: Vol. 83 (pp. 49-60).
-Training: understanding the job well enough to know who to hire and how well they are doing.
For either 3a or 3b solutions, identify three criteria that you would consider when choosing which of these solutions to implement. In each case, identify the costs and benefits (not just financial) of each solution (6 marks):
“Training is the systematic acquisition of skills, rules, concepts, or attitudes that result in improved performance” (Goldstein & Ford, 2002). Pal’s Sudden Service has focused their hiring practices on hiring the right people first, providing the best training possible and reinforcing training everyday. The investment in training has much more to do with the company other than low errors, reduced customer wait times, which lead to high customer satisfaction. The focus on training reduces employee turnover. The costs of hiring and training new employees greatly reduces customer loyalty, both significantly will impact profit. The challenge, comprehend the training requirements, formulating who will train and how the process will be trained. The repeated success of a training program must be quantifiable and re enforced. An efficacious training program with continual re enforcement will pay strong dividends in business profit, employee satisfaction and customer loyalty.
The stability of currency values plays a significant role for economic and financial stability. It is not difficult to see the exchange rate fluctuations are widely regarded as damaging. As the movements of the exchange rate have significant and large effects on the trade balance, resource allocation, domestic prices, interest rate, national income and other key economic variables. Then can exchange rate movements be predicted by these fundamental economic variables?
Wiggins, G., & Mctighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
It may be true that in schools where bullying is allowed, it damages the atmosphere and feeling of the school. Bullies who have problems at home or have their own bully elsewhere tend to believe it is alright to continue the cycle. It may be physical strength, trouble dealing with emotions or social status. When you are in a position of power you are always tempted to abuse it. If a bully is getting tossed around by someone they love and treated badly they will always want to inflict the same pain they are going through on someone else. While the average episode lasted 40 seconds, on one notable occasion a group of kids hit and kicked a boy for 35 min...
The Japanese culture is quite harmonious, respectful, and hardworking. Their culture is made up highly of being respectful of others, family, and nature. They value their elders, history, tradition, religion, family, government, nature, education, and work.
Problems usually have solutions. Solutions could be extremely easy to find, or the process of finding one could be problematic. One worldly issue that does not have a solution yet is bullying. Bullying is present in schools world-wide, and it has been this way since there have been schools. This horrible act is accepted as part of life. People are used to bullying, that it almost seems normal. This should not be the case. Bullying is a horrific act that needs to be stopped, but is that possible? Three specific ways people have proposed to stop bullying is to criminalize bully in an attempt to deter any further bullying, to assign bullies student mentors in order to have someone guide them, or to force school or parental figures to be more active in trying to prevent bullying. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages, but which is the best method to effectively stop bullying?
Training and development are important factors to the success of any organization. Each employee is a valuable asset that can either add to the success a company or contribute to its failure. Training supports and makes possible the development of new skills and knowledge. Offering training for employees at various levels within an organization assist employees develop the necessary skills and proficiency to be successful in their careers as well as prepare for new responsibilities.
If one asked “What is media literacy?” a majority of people would be puzzled. Some would say that it is the ‘written’ part of media that is not usually seen or a written layout of how media should be produced. The bulk of people would say they have no idea what media literacy is. People in today’s society should be informed about media literacy. Society should be informed of what media literacy exactly is and how it applies to the field of communications.
The manager should be able to select and know these factors. As organization is created systems by people, the internal factors are mainly the result of management decisions. Not all of the internal factors are completely controlled by the management. Organization is influenced by many environmental factors. In the new millennium we have to learn how to live in a market economy. And the most important condition for this is a highly skilled managers. Ability to identify and analyze the internal elements of the organization and external factors is the key to the success of the business. The main factors in the organization that require management attention are objectives, structure, tasks, technology and people. An organization can be seen as a means to achieve the objectives that allows people to perform collectively what they could not carry out individually. Goals are desired outcome, which aims to achieve a group working together. The main objective of most organizations is profit. Income is a key indicator of the organization. People are the basis of any organization. Without people there is no organization. They shape the culture of the organization and its internal climate. They determine what the organization is. Manager generates frames, establishes a system of relations between people and include them in the process of
Perhaps the strongest foundation for media education rests in the fact that increased awareness of media transforms students from passive to active participants in society. Learners must be offered hands-on application opportunities to increase their own knowledge and enjoyment of the media. The integration of formal media analysis with media production is an essential constituent of media literacy. Creative ventures, such as television or radio production, the development of a rock video or song, photography classes, script-writing, web-page development, or hypertext projects should be made available for students' participation and perusal. Students must be exposed to various forms of communication before they can recognize logical disparities, determine the strength of an argument, evaluate mass media, and actively join our democratic society as partners.
Bullying has become a serious problem in public schools systems. Being a victim of bullying is a daily struggle for some students. The issue continues to grow, but the question is how to stop bullying from occurring. Many ways have been attempted to stop bullying, but some are more effective than others. Having the students get involved seems to have the most positive effect on the bullying issue in public school systems.