Insect-Borne Disease and Australia
Insect borne diseases loom as a potential threat in many countries including Australia. Australia has been relatively free of insect-borne diseases compared to other southern land masses such as South America and Africa. Australia has several characteristics that influence the prevalence of insect-borne disease. Some these features include low altitudes, tropical forests, Southern Oscillation, and the fact that Australia is an island continent. Some of the most common insect-borne diseases of concern in Australia include Murray Valley encephalitis, Malaria, Dengue fever, Ross Valley virus and Yellow fever. The most common vector in Australia is the mosquito, in particular Aedes aegypti, which is the Dengue vector. Dengue fever is a flavivirus and is the greatest insect-borne disease threat in Australia. Two presentations of Dengue fever are known; classic Dengue fever and Dengue hemorrhagic fever. Classic Dengue fever is fairly common, usually in urban areas, and usually not life threatening. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a very serious illness. Dengue is usually isolated to North Queensland, which is brought in by infected international travelers and maintained by the large Aedes aegypti population in Queensland. Australia and north Queensland have implemented management plans to control and eradicate Dengue fever and other potential insect-borne viruses. Keys to this plan are disease surveillance, mosquito control and surveillance, and education.
Introduction
Insect-borne diseases are a common threat to travelers, especially when traveling to tropical countries. Insect-borne diseases are usually transmitted by mosquitoes and are caused by several types of microorganisms. Vaccinations, mosquito control, and education are common methods utilized in minimizing the effects of insect-borne disease.
In this paper I will attempt to give an overview of insect-borne disease in Australia. In doing this, I plan on describing the most common insect-borne diseases in Australia, the vectors behind these diseases, and common methods used in prevention of insect-borne disease in Australia.
Australian Geographical Features
Compared to other southern land masses, such as South America and Africa, Australia has been and is relatively free of insect-borne disease (Kettle 1993).
In the article “When Mosquitoes Were Killers in America” by Lauren Tarshis, She makes the statement “Yet mosquitoes are far more than a nuisance.” What she means is that mosquitoes aren't a little bug that just sucks a little blood and can be annoying, but instead it uses all that and more. Mosquitoes have killed millions upon millions of people by spreading disease like malaria. An example of how she supports this claim is in the article, she says “ In this way, bite by itchy bite, 212 million people are infected with malaria every year” (Tarshis 13). And that is only a year with bug spray, shots, and all the other things that help stop mosquitoes. So when the U.S. government tried to save people from these murders little insects. So they
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Abortion has been around for centuries. In the 1800’s, abortions in the U.S. became illegal. The lack of surgeries, procedures and medical education caused abortions to be very dangerous. As medical improvements were made, women still had to rely on back alley abortions which usually resulted in the harm of thousands of women, some even include death. The American Medical Association stated that, “abortions were wrong and unsafe”. Therefore, according to the National Abortion Federation, abortions were then made into a “physicians-only” practice because they could be performed legally in order to save the woman’s life. It was not until 1973 that abortions were made legal in the United States due to a Supreme Court decision in Roe vs. Wade by ruling that “Americans’ right to privacy included the right of a woman to decide whether to have children and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference”. Today, there are restrictions in order to better educate t...
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Autism is a widely known disorder that often has many different misconceptions. Breakthrough studies and research are being done for the typical person to better understand the condition of this disorder. Autism affects many, but not all who are affected allow for their diagnosis to consume their lives. The functionality of this disorder is one that should not go undocumented or misunderstood. There is more hope out there for autistics to help them to life of a more prosperous and functioning life.
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