The immune system is comprised of two responses: the adaptive immune response and the innate immune response. The first line of defence against invading organisms is classified as the innate immune response and the second line of defence and protection against re- exposure to the same pathogen is known as the adaptive immune response.
Innate immune responses are known as the non-specific manner which composes the cells and defend the host from infection by other organism by mechanism. The adaptive immunity represents the antigen-specific immune response. Compare to innate immune response, adaptive response is more complex. In adaptive response the antigen needs to be recognised and processed. The adaptive immune system creates immune cells specifically to attack the antigen when the antigen has been recognized and processed. Another function of adaptive immune system, they have a memory in which response future fight specific antigen.
Responses all have the one thing in common, they both protect against various pathogens or other foreign substances, however both responses defe...
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
Most of the time nonspecific defenses keep pathogens from getting into the body. Sometimes one can break through and cause a disease. This is where the immune system comes into use.
There are two different parts of the immune system. Innate immunity is the more general type; for this reason it is also called the nonspecific res...
When a familiar antigen is encountered, B-lymphocyte memory cells will divide and form new antibody-producing plasma cells. Some memory cells will be left, however, so that the body can respond to any number of future infections with the same pathogen. The second time the immune system encounters a pathogen for a second time, antibodies are produced more rapidly and their effect lasts longer. Memory B cells have an affinity for a particular antigen as well. Also, larger amounts of antibodies are produced in the secondary response resulting in a stronger response.
Differentiate and describe between monocytes and macrophages (Innate Immunity) and B cells defining antibodies and T cells defining cytokines (adaptive immunity).
1. EQ: How does the structure and function of my immune system keep me healthy?
The immune system, which is composed of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, is the body’s innate defense against foreign particles that may show to be harmful or infectious to us. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks potentially dangerous organisms and substances that invade our systems. (Durani, Y., 2012) The immune system’s key players include leukocytes, the lymphoid organs, and the lymphatic vessels. Leukocytes are white blood cells that recognize and destroy the harmful invaders. Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) make and/or store the leukocytes, and lymphatic vessels are a network of tissues that allow for the leukocytes to circulate through blood or the various lymphoid organs. (Durani, Y., 2012)
Acquired immunity is the immunity that our body gains and develops over time. When pathogens are present in the body our body learns and remembers how to destroy these pathogens. Acquired immunity compromises all our specific immune responses which includes the generation of antibodies that neutralize the toxins produced by the pathogen. Acquired immunity means our body is able to distinguish between different types of pathogens, differentiate between foreign particles and cells of our own body and recall all immunological responses and act accordingly to the specific pathogen. The third line of defense is involved which is acquired and specific.
Organisms have three types of immunity: innate. adaptive, and passive. Innate immunity is common among all organisms and reacts the same to all pathogenic infections. Innate immunity includes protective layers of the body, such as the skin and mucous membranes in the nose and throat. Adaptive immunity is the second type of immunity. Adaptive immunity develops throughout an organism’s life. An example of this is the lymphocytes, which develop when an organism is exposed to diseases or through vaccination (with some exceptions). Passive immunity is borrowed from another source and lasts for a short period of time, for example, antibodies in a woman's breast milk, which help prevent their young offspring from acquiring infections in their early years. An example of this in snakes is their tolerance to their own venom, which they are exposed to early in life which prevents them from dying if exposed later.
The innate immune system is given to you at birth and always has microbes ready to fight (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). This system is very fast to detect and attempt to eliminate any invading cells. It reacts by triggering Toll-like receptors (TLRs) who then fasten to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The first line of defense in the innate immune system contains the skin and mucous membranes, along with normal microbiota (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The second line of defense of the “early-warning” system consists of natural killer cells, phagocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Although a powerful system, it cannot take
Within the in the bodies immune system there are two lines of defense. The first line of defenser being is the non-specific innate immunity. Non-specific immunity repels all microorganisms equally (John H. Humphrey, 2014). The second line of defense is the immune response. The immune response goes after specific invaders. Each line of defense works differently but together they work to keep the body health, and clear of pathogens that are harmfull. The body takes chronological steps to maintain its defenses. The first step being the first line defense. These can include the mucus membranes and the skin. Next is the second line of defense, these come from the non-specific defense sytem. Once pathogens pass through the first line of defense the second line of defense responds in turn through processes of inflammatory response and fever. If both the first and second defenses are incapable of containing the pathogen then a third line of defense is activated. The third line of defense being a specific immune response. Specific pathogens are attacked through the specific immune response by the process of B-cell production of antibodies, which attack the virus or bacteria in extra-cellular fluid (Martini & Nath, 2009). Lastly T-cells proceed to kill the infected cells. The T-cell as well as the B-cell can both be located in the lymph nodes of the
The human body contains countless amount of defense from the ever so present dangerous pathogens found in its surroundings. If any of these pathogens is successful in entering the body, the body must them perform a series of responses in order to kill or eradicate the issue.
What is innate immunity? Innate immunity is a human defense mechanisms that the body acquire at birth to fight off infections and help out with the healing process when the body in injured. The first line of defense consists of barriers on the surface of the skin, which is nothing but normal flora of the body. This enables the body to fight off infections. The second line of defense consists of inflammation at the site of injury or infection. During this line of defense job is to stop the injury from spreading to other tissues. This line of
The immune system is a fascinating structure it defends the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses and parasites. There are two primary forms that make up the immune system they are, innate and adaptive systems. Both the innate and adaptive system plays a large role in the immune system. The innate is the primary system to defend against foreign materials and the adaptive is the secondary system that responds to specific issues.
The first line of defense used in the immune system is physical barriers. The first physical barrier is the skin. The skin has sebum (oil) which is on the skin’s surface making it acidic and making many pathogens unable to grow on it. Sweat also contains special enzymes to attack bacteria, killing it, and making it unable to spread. The second physical barrier is Mucus Membranes which covers majority of internal body structures making it hard for pathogens to affect these systems. It also produces a thick fluid called mucus that traps pathogens before they start in infect. The second line of defense is when pathogens make it past the physical barriers causing your