First-century Rome, Cornelius Celsus first described inflammation as consisting of pain, heat, redness and swelling. Then, in nineteenth century, German physician Rudolf Virchow suggested the link between inflammation and various chronic diseases(1). Inflammation can be divide into acute inflammation and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is a type of immune response whereas chronic inflammation leads to serious illness. Non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin is used to treat inflammation, but meanwhile bring devastating side effect.
According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, inflammation is a fundamental pathologic process that consists of a dynamic complex of histologically apparent cytologic changes, cellular infiltration, and mediator release that occurs in the affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues(2). Inflammation responses to foreign substances such as bacteria or in some instances to internally produced substances (3). It is part of the body’s immune response.
Acute inflammation has rapid onset and quickly becomes severe in hours and days. This involves three processes. Firstly, there is an increase blood flow due to dilation of arterioles supplying in that injured region, which causes that region to become red. Secondly, there is an increased permeability of the capillaries which allowing additional fluid and blood proteins to pass into interstitial spaces. This resulted in edema (swollen).Finally, neutrophil and some macrophages migrate from blood vessels into the tissues. Neutrophils bind to the endothelium of blood vessels due to cell adhesion molecule (CAMs) found on the surface of neutrophils and endothelial cells in injured tissue. Sometimes, this resulted in formation of pus (4...
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...hington.edu/conj/inflammation/acuteinflam.htm (accessed ).
5. University of Washington. Chronic inflammation. http://courses.washington.edu/conj/inflammation/chronicinflam.htm (accessed ).
6. University of Albany, The State University of New York. Cyclooxygenase and NSAIDs. http://www.albany.edu/faculty/cs812/bio366/Cyclooxygenase_ppt.pdf (accessed ).
7. Monash University. How Aspirin works. http://www.aspree.org/AUS/aspree-content/aspirin/how-aspirin-works.aspx (accessed ).
8. Thea Morris , Melanie Stables , Adrian Hobbs , Patricia de Souza , Paul Colville-Nash , Tim Warner , Justine Newson , Geoffrey Bellingan and Derek W. Gilroy 2 . Effects of Low-Dose Aspirin on Acute Inflammatory Responses in Humans1. The Journal of Immunology August 1, 2009; vol. 183(no. 3): 2089-2096.
9. . Osteoarthritis. http://www.healthcentral.com/osteoarthritis/17130-146.html (accessed ).
Most people know Aspirin as a pill to take when they have a headache or some other ailment. There’s much more to Aspirin than most people know about. This report will explain the chemical properties of Aspirin as well as what the uses are, the history of the chemical, and the discovery of the molecule.
Innovated by the fact that ancient people use willow bark to ease pain, the first chemically pure and stable acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized by a German chemist called Felix Hoffmann, in 1897 (Bayer AG, 2011). Aspirin was firstly taken by his father in order to reduce his arthritis pain. Aspirin successfully eased the pain. After two years’ laboratory experiment, aspirin as a product was first launched by Bayer AG in 1899 (Bayer AG, 2011). The coming world war accidentally boosted the demand of aspirin.
“Crohn’s disease appears to be caused by a dysfunctional inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract” (U. S. News, 2009). Inflammation is the body’s natural way to heal by sending immune cells to the site of the injury or invader. Researchers think that this immune system response may be triggered by bacteria or viruses, material in the intestinal contents, or a defective signal from the body’s own cells, called an autoimmune response. Inflammation results in pain, heat, redness, and swelling of the tissue. Chronic inflammation can harm the function of tissues and organs (U.S. News, 2009).
According to the Clinical Excellence Commission (2014), approximately 6,000 deaths per annum are caused by sepsis in Australia alone. These mortality figures are higher than breast cancer (2,864) and prostate cancer (3,235) combined (Cancer Australia, 2014). Despite advances in modern medicine and increased understanding of the need for timely recognition and intervention (Dellinger et al, 2013), sepsis remains the primary cause of death from infection worldwide (McClelland, 2014). Studies undertaken by The Sepsis Alliance (2014) and Schmidt et al, (2014) state that 40% of patients diagnosed with severe sepsis do not survive.
The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx).
Inflammation is the reaction of the body's tissue to an injury, fundamental in the innate and adaptive response. Signs of inflammation are characterised as rubor, dolor, tumor and calor, meaning redness, pain, swelling and heat respectively. The benefits of inflammation outweighs the adverse effects and is important for survival although too much inflammation might cause harm, like sepsis or septic shock[4].
Research by Hotchkiss, Monneret, & Payen’s (2013) has revealed that sepsis is an immunosuppressive disorder, therefore patients can benefit from immunostimulatory therapies used to treat those who have lowered immune systems. Accordingly, focusing on boosting the immune system has been shown to decrease mortality in patients (Hotchkiss et al. 2013). Hotchkiss et al. (2013) announces that while these statistics are encouraging, the mortality rate is still considered high and further research and techniques are needed in order to continue the downward trend. Hotchkiss et al. (2013) states that it is unclear why some patients survive sepsis and others do not recover. Until the true cause of death in sepsis is understood, the best course of action is prevention, early detection, and immune system support.
In the body, aspirin has two main actions. It can act as an anti-prostaglandin (anti-inflammation, fever-reducing, pain reliever) compound and also as an anti-platelet aggregation (blood thinner) agent. The molecule works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (...
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to cellular injury and bacterial invasion. Inflammation is the primary defense in early gingivitis. Biofilm can initiate an inflammatory response if it is left undisturbed for as little as seventy two hours. Redness and swelling are two of the cardinal signs of inflammation and can be observed clinically in gingivitis. Histamine is released by mast cells and responsible for the redness and swelling of tissues. Histamine causes both an increase in vascularity and permeability of blood vessels at the site of injury. Swelling may occur in response to the accumulation of fluid at a specific site. The inflammatory response includes cellular components of the immune system polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are crucial to the cellular immune response. Polyporphonuclear leukocytes are the first cells that arrive at an inflammatory site. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes arrive at the site via chemotaxis, and begin to phagocytize bacteria. As the disease continues and the inflammatory reaction is not strong enough to subside the bacterial infection the immune response is further
(A)Wound healing is a biological process occurring in the human body. In this lecture we had discussed about both acute and chronic wounds. An acute wound is an injury to the skin that occurs suddenly rather than over time. It heals at a predictable and expected rate according to the normal wound healing process. The chronic wounds do not heal in an orderly set of stages and in a predictable amount of time the way most wounds do.
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
In some diseases, the inflammation is clearly an immune reaction, the body's defense against invading microorganisms. In others, the cause is different or unknown. Infectious Arthritis This disease is most common in young adults. Infection in a joint is usually caused by bacteria or other microorganisms that invade the joint from its blood vessels.
The symptoms experienced by Carlton are in the group of the cardinal signs of inflammation that have been identified for centuries (Grossman & Porth, 2014). Carlton’s wound is in the first stage, the inflammatory phase, of acute inflammation, which is the beginning of a complex, regulated, and critical process of immunologic events (Rosique, Rosique, & Farina Junior, 2015). There are two main types of stimuli that cause this kind of biological and immunological reaction: physical injury and microbial infection (Qian et al., 2016).
Inflammation which is part of the innate immune system is a process by which the body reacts to injury protecting it from infection and foreign substances with the help of the body’s white blood cells “Inflammation can be defined as the body’s local vascular and cellular response to injury caused by factors that invade and injure the body from the outside (exogenous factors) or factors within the body that result in cellular or tissue injury (endogenous) factors” (Battle, 2009, P 238). Factors such as bacteria, viruses, burns, frostbite, chemical irritants, immune reactions and physical injury are examples of factors that can cause inflammation through different mechanisms. It is a protective mechanism with rapid response that neutralizes or destroys agents that causes injury and creates a barrier that limit the injury and prevents its spread to normal tissues (Battle, 2009). Also, it has elements that removes debris and heals the wound generated by the injury. It can be divided into acute and chronic inflammation.
·Aspirin (salicylic acid acetate) is an anti-inflammatory (decreases swelling and inflammation), anti-pyretic (fever reducing), and anti-platelet (decreases platelets in the body to thin blood). Many heart treatment patients take an aspirin a day to prevent blood clotting. However, if aspirin is taken in large quantities over long periods of time, it may cause gastric ulcers or other internal damage. The molecular formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. Some examples of Aspirin are Bayer, Ecotrin, and Aspergum.