Introduction
Infection is the invasion of foreign disease-causing organisms into the host bodies and the reaction of the host tissues towards the multiplication and toxins released by the organisms. Infectious diseases can spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. In other words, it also said as communicable or transmissible disease. Agent that often leads to such infectious diseases is viruses, and prions, microorganisms such as bacteria. Host can against this invasion of organism by activating their immune system with an innate response followed by inflammation. Infection classified as acute or chronic infections. Acute infection is short term based whereas chronic infection is long term.
In the practices of dentistry, infectious disease considered as one of the major public health problem worldwide. The impact of these disease affects the health of an individual directly and directly by reducing the personnel qualification. Common infectious diseases are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis (TB), influenza, hepatitis B and mumps.
These infecting organisms can be transferred to the host by potential routes in dentistry is through droplet contact (through cough and sneezes), transmission by direct contact, latrogenic transmission (medical procedures such as injection), and unsterilized instruments.
The typical symptoms of infectious diseases are fatigue, loss of appetite, fewer, rashes, aches or pains, and coughs. These infectious diseases can be prevented by washing hands, wearing gowns, wearing facemasks, and wearing gloves.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis is a disease that infects or inflames the liver. The group of virus that infect the liver are called hepatiti...
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...at do not compromised sterility at point of use.
Next, the packaging material must allow removal of air from the pack, penetration of steam and water vapour. The wrapper must be discard after single used.
Last but not least, sterilisation container must be perforated to ensure penetration of sterilising agent and enough drying. The container also needs to be wrapped before being sterilise. Pack should be labelled correctly and identification of the content should be done.
REPROCESSING
Items that are used for reprocessing need to be cleaned and sterilised in separate area from workplace. Written policy should be follow when doing reprocessing and cleaning task has to be done frequently. In order to achieve these, the equipment in the area should include several handwash facilities, enough bench space, smooth surfaces, adequate lightning and ventilation.
i. Meningococcal is a bacteria that can be transmitted from person to person through droplets. Which starts of in the nasopharnx and makes its way to the bloodstream. This can affect the rest of the organs of the body.
A person who has been infected by the disease may experience signs of fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and a red rash that appears blotchy. Generally the signs become present between ten and twenty-one days after the person has been exposed to and infected by the virus (Silverstein et al., 1998). This is what is known as the incubation period (Plum, J., 2001). The rash is most likely to begin on the chest, back, or the scalp, but will soon spread to the rest of the body. After a couple days of having physical evidence of the infection, the rash will s...
Pathogens are a type of microorganism that spreads viral and bacterial diseases. These diseases when present in human blood and body fluids are known as blood borne pathogens, and can spread from one person to another. (Worcester polytechnic institute) The most serious types of blood borne diseases are the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which can cause liver damage; and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which is responsible for causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). The blood borne pathogens can be spread when the blood or body fluids (semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, and amniotic fluid) of an infected individual comes into contact with mucous membranes or an open sore or cut on the skin of another person. Mucus membranes are located in the eyes, nose, mouth, and other areas as well. ("Bloodborne pathogens: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia") Two of the most common ways that pathogens are transmitted is through the exchange of fluids during sexual intercourse or by sharing infected IV needles. (Worcester polytechnic institute)
...evaporated into the air and remains suspended for a period of time (Georgia Pacific). It also occurs with dust particles that contain infectious agents (Georgia Pacific). Once again, if working in close contact of someone that is infected, cover the eyes, nose and mouth if possible to prevent the transmission of infection. Common-vehicle transmission refers to contaminated items such as food, water, medications, devices, and equipment that would transmit the microorganism (Georgia Pacific). Methods of preventing nosocomial infections and breaking the chain of transmission include: observing aseptic technique, frequent hand washing especially between patients, careful handling and disinfection of fomites, use of disposable items, patient isolation, institutional methods such as air filtration within the hospital, and an active oversight within the hospital (Abedon).
Hepatitis B is a viral infection transmitted by humans that affects the Liver. There are two types of Hepatitis B: acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis B is short term and only lasts for a short amount of time. Chronic hepatitis B is long term and is a lifelong illness.
As you exit the bus, another passenger next to you starts to cough, and then you hold the handrail as you exit the bus. Since you’re late getting home, you take a shortcut through a field to get home quicker. These three simple acts just exposed you to bacteria, viruses, and insects that could cause illness or even death. Infectious diseases, also known as communicable disease, are spread by germs. Germs are living things that are found in the air, in the soil, and in water. You can be exposed to germs in many ways, including touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Animal and insect bites can also spread germs.1
Hepatitis In modern society when a person gets sick with the flu or a cold they will usually go about their normal routine with the exception of a sneeze or a cough throughout the day. Sometimes things can be more than what they appear to be. The symptoms start out like the flu with coughing, fever, aches, and vomiting. However, the disease gradually worsens with symptoms of extreme weakness and excruciating abdominal pain. By then it is usually too late when the person finds out that their liver is failing and that there disease is caused by one of the most contagious, dangerous and deadliest of viruses. These viruses that were initially concealed by flu like symptoms are now known collectively as the disease of Hepatitis. The disease of Hepatitis is actually by six different types of viral infections, namely, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis descries the destructive affect of the viral invasion of the body and liver by six and separate viruses. Each type of viral infection varies from one to another in degree of severity. The names of the viruses are in alphabetical order corresponding to their discovery. There is also a non-viral Hepatitis which is caused by substance. One rumor that has spread about hepatitis is that a person can only contract Hepatitis if associated with HIV or AIDS. This is not true! Any one can become infected with Hepatitis. Unfortunately this is about all most people know of Hepatitis. They need to know the full horror of which the virus is capable. The first of the Hepatitis viral infection to be discovered is Hepatitis A. Hep. A is the mild mannered virus compared to the other viruses. It has the symptoms of influenza, fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakening of body, but it does have some differences such as jaundice (a yellowing pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes) and urine appears to be a darker color. Jaundice is caused by an abundance of bilirubon which has not been removed from the blood system due to the infected liver. Hep. A does not have any special medications or antibiotics that can be used to treat or prevent this unpleasant virus. Some ways of avoiding this viral infection include washing the hands very carefully and not eating food or drink of others. People living in the same house or having close contact should clean the area very thoroughly.
What is viral infectious disease? Generally, viral infectious disease is contagious disease cause by the virus. Wide range of virus will cause viral infectious disease. Viral infectious disease had a very big impact on the practice of dentistry as viruses can spread easily in various routes of transmission, highly contagious and many prevention need to be taken in providing treatment to patient with viral infectious disease. Some of the famous and notable viruses will be in the family herpexviridae, paramyxoviridae, adenoviridae and retroviridae. However, in here, we will only focus on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
In health care facilities many sick patients are treated in isolated or confined spaces. This means that many microorganisms are present in these areas. Patients come in contact with many health care workers (HCW) who can potentially help the spread of these microorganisms and infections between their patients.
Hospital acquired infections are one of the most common complications of care in the hospital setting. Hospital acquired infections are infections that patients acquired during the stay in the hospital. These infections can cause an increase number of days the patients stay in the hospital. Hospital acquired infections makes the patients worse or even causes death. “In the USA alone, hospital acquired infections cause about 1.7 million infections and 99,000 deaths per year”(secondary).
Viruses can be transmitted in many ways. Being in contact with an infected person will most likely transfer the virus. One can also obtain the virus through swallowing, inhaling, and unsafe sex. Poor hygiene and eating habits usually increase the risk of catching a viral infection. Contracting a viral infection is followed by adverse s...
Infection control is very important in the health care profession. Health care professionals, who do not practice proper infection control, allow themselves to become susceptible to a number of infections. Among the most dreaded of these infections are: hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Another infection which has more recently increased in prevalence is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These infections are all treated differently. Each infection has its own symptoms, classifications, and incubation periods. These infections are transmitted in very similar fashions, but they do not all target the same population.
This article overall purpose is to inform the importance of knowledge and practice of effective hand hygiene and hand care to prevent or reduce cross-contamination from healthcare personnel to patients (HCP). As the article’s author expressed at the introduction “ Healthcare-acquired infections are a major source of illness and death in hospitalized patients, and approximately 20%-40% of these infections are a result of cross-infection via the hands of healthcare personnel” (Eve Cuny 1)
Bare hand contact with ready-to-eat food is not allowed because this will transfer the viruses, bacteria or parasites from hands to the food. Besides that, hair in food also can be a source of bacterial and microbial contamination. Thus, brushing or combing hair is not allowed during food preparation. Hair should be tied and covered where necessary to ensure a good food product integrity. Moreover, jewellery and plain wedding band should not be worn because this kind of things can carry the bacteria. Furthermore, especially for the food handler in food industry, smoking, spitting, eating and drinking are not allowed in the food handling or storage area. This is because saliva which could contaminate the food would be generated through these action. In addition, food handlers should put on the clean outer clothing like aprons during handling the food in order to minimize the contamination. Moreover, if food handler have cuts or wounds, should be make sure that they are completely covered by a brightly coloured and waterproof wound strip. Bright coloured of wound strip is used so that it can been seen easily if it is
Where used cleaning cloths, pot scrubs etc. shall be cleaned and sanitised or they shall be disposed of after use in order to ensure that they are not a source of contamination. (Unsure)