The interrelations of social segregation and Inequality have been largely studied by several authors (Fernández y Rogerson, 1996 y 1997; Bénabou 1996a y 1996b; Gravel y Thoron, 2007; Durlauf, 1996). Nevertheless, the majority of these studies have concentrated in demonstrating the possibility of a segregated equilibrium. This last is understood as the formation of consecutive clubs, ordered in accordance with a variable that represents the social position of the economic agents. In the majority of the studies, this variable is the wealth of the persons or his human capital.
The problem with this kind of models is that they do not study the effect of the income distribution over the degree of segregation. As a result, they can't answer questions like the following: the size of the coalitions decrease with the degree of wealth inequality? In a society, the size of the coalitions formed by wealthy agents are bigger than the coalition of the poor ones? This is an important weakness of this type of literature. In effect, the collective interrelation inside coalitions can determine the accumulation of social capital and human capital, and it is well-known that the both are essentials factors in economic development (Benabou, 1996a; Glomm y Ravikumar, 1992; Fernández y Rogerson, 1996; Durlauf, 1996)
Some authors as Bénabou (1996th) and Glomm and Ravikumar (1992) compare the economic and distributive outcomes of integrated versus segregated societies. That kind of analysis is relevant to analyze problems such as the benefits and cost of public versus private education. Nevertheless, it is not very useful in analysing other problems as the determinants and the consequences of Social segregation.
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Jehiel and Scotchmer (1997 and 2001) characterise the free mobility equilibrium. However, they do not introduce heterogeneity in the distribution of wealth, and they suppose a very unrealistic utility function (linear). Moreover, their distribution of characteristics of agents is very narrow (uniform). Finally, they have not made the comparative static exercises required to understand the relationship between the heterogeneity of the agents and the degree of social segregation.
Most of the models that demonstrate the existence of a consecutive core equilibrium, use super additive and cooperative games. (Greenber y Weber, 1986; Demange, 1982 y 1994). However, this kind of model have two defects. First, although they demonstrate the existence of a consecutive equilibrium, they do not analyze the effect of inequality on the size of coalitions.
There has always been a wealth gap between the richest and poorest in society. However, in the past decade, the wealth gap between the richest and poorest citizens in the US has been growing rapidly. In the 70s and 80s, the wealth and income growth rate for both poor and rich people were similar, however, between the years 2009 and 2012 the top 1% income increased 31% while for the bottom 20%, their income actually dropped and for the vast majority of Americans, the average yearly income only increased by 0.4% [4]. The question is, is wealth gap bad? Is a growing or extreme wealth gap unhealthy for the economy and social stability or is it a necessary part of it.
(p1) Broadly speaking, class is about economic and social inequality… (p6) We have a tendency for groups of advanced people to congregate together, and groups of disadvantaged people to congregate so that inequalities persist from generation to generation.
Clark and Lipset (1991) explain that looking at class theories that has been a lot of change in class and it has altered the concept of class toward the fragmentation of stratification. Clark and Lipset (1991) further explains that changes have occurred since Marx and Weber write their view on social stratification and it went into high gear since 1970s. Clark and Lipset (1991) acknowledge a change for the theories of stratification is that traditional hierarchies is declining and economic and family hierarchies is less than generation or two ago. Clark and Lipset (1991) explains that class conflict declines, there would be less conflict or organized lines, for instance gender. However, not all hierarchies are generating counter-reactions and there is an acceptance of democratic process to allow the opposition to surface. According Clark and Lipset (1991), “the key trends could be described as one of fragmentation of stratification: the weakening of class stratification, especially as shown in distinct class-differentiated lifestyle, the decline of economic determinism, and the increased importance of social and cultural factors, politics is less organized by class and more by other loyalties, the slimming of the family and social mobility is less family-determined, more ability and education
This situation is similar to the U.S., where people have the chance to enter school depending on their zip code. With the voucher program, now students can choose schools even if it is public, charter, religious without a zip code, even though this idea did not go far, but it was a great reform. Ravitch, Reign of Error, chapter 19, p206-207. Segregation and integration and race and class This issue has been happening for many years and not only in education, but also in many other aspects.
With these information about wealth and history, it is concluded that one of four races considered nonwhite have one chance of growing in their economy. The racial wealth gap can take people back in time to see how the economy of the nation was created. There is no fairness in base of the economy. If each one of the citizens in the coutry are considered equal under the law, why can’t it be the same in the economy? Segregation and discrimination continue to exist in the nation. Whites are not considered equal as nonwhites. In conclusion, if this gap between the races perdures to be open there will never be true equality and justice.
What is inequality, social structure and social stratification? According to Study.com social inequality is, “the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society.” Sociology.about.com says, “Social structure is the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society.” Wikipedia says Social stratification, is “a society 's categorization of people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power”.
In the essay “Still Separate, Still Unequal” by Jonathan Kozol, the situation of racial segregation is refurbished with the author’s beliefs that minorities (i.e. African Americans or Hispanics) are being placed in poor conditions while the Caucasian majority is obtaining mi32 the funding. Given this, the author speaks out on a personal viewpoint, coupled with self-gathered statistics, to present a heartfelt argument that statistics give credibility to. Jonathan Kozol is asking for a change in this harmful isolation of students, which would incorporate more funding towards these underdeveloped schools. This calling is directed towards his audience of individuals who are interested in the topic of public education (seeing that this selection is from one of his many novels that focus on education) as well as an understanding of the “Brown v. Board of Education” (1954) case, which ties in to many aspects of the author’s essay. With the application of exemplum, statistics, and emotional appeals, Jonathan Kozol presents a well developed argument.
Where would you consider yourself with your ranking in America 's social classes, are you upper class, middle class or even lower class? This is actually very important when it come to you receiving opportunities and in a sense special treatment. I’m referring to of course social inequality which is still very much alive in America and still affects a lot of families mostly in a negative way. This problem in America has grabbed the attention of two authors, Paul Krugman who wrote “Confronting Inequality” and Gary S. Becker and Kevin M. Murphy who wrote “The Upside of Income Inequality”. However, they both have different views on inequality Krugman believes that social inequality is only negative while on the other hand, Becker and Murphy believe Krugman believes that the only way to get into a good school is to be living in a higher economic area.
First, the chapters cover stratification. According to study.com “Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. In the United States, it is perfectly clear that some groups have greater status, power, and wealth than other groups.” According to the textbook “Stratification is unequal distribution of valued
Segregation in the United States refers to the unequal treatment of people who come from different races. US is a country that has people of all races. However, the minority races have been ignored and segregated over time. This paper evaluates segregation in US and tells whether the situation has since changed. The paper also addresses the causes of the racial segregation and how it can be eliminated.
According to Black?s definition, stratification is ?the vertical aspect of social life?, ?any uneven distribution of the material conditions of existence? (Black 11), in other words the discrimination of wealth. Stratification can be measured in quantity, delineated in style and viewed from two perspectives, as a ?magnitude of difference in wealth? (Black 11) and as the level to which the setting is stratified. Moreover, stratification explains not only law, its quantity and style, but also other aspects of social life. The relationship Black is mostly interested in is the positive correlation between stratification and law, meaning the more law, the more stratified the setting is. When utilizing this proposition by inserting other variables of social ...
Stewart, Charles T., Jr. "Inequality of Wealth and Income in a Technologically Advanced Society." The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 27.4 (2002): 495-512. Print.
Whitty, G. (2001) Education, social class and social Exclusion. Journal of Education Policy, 16(4) pp 287-295.
The pure logic of the relationship between relative price and the distribution of income was analyzed for an ideal environment with salient features such as static prices, uniform rates of profits and remuneration.
Kerbo, H. R. (2012). Social stratification and inequality: class conflict in historical, comparative, and global perspective (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.