Orchids belong to the family Orchidaceae one of the largest and most diverse groups among angiosperms. According to one estimate, the family Orchidaceae includes 800 genera and 25,000 species (Stewart and Griffiths 1995). These plants are outstanding in many ways as they have diverse shapes, forms and colors. However, due to heavy rate of deforestation and other anthropogenic pressures the natural populations of many splendid orchids are depleting fast from their natural habitats at an alarming rate and their conservation is becoming a matter of global concern. Presently, all the orchid species are indexed in the Red Data Book of International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resouces (IUCN). Also, the family Orchidaceae is now included in Appendix-II of Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (Senthilkumar 2001).
The use medicinal use of orchids in treatment of disorders and ailments dates back many centuries and was reported by the Chinese (Bulpitt 2005). The Chinese pharmacopoeia, “The Sang Nung Pen Tsao Ching’’, illustrated Dendrobium as a source of tonic, astringent, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory compounds as far back as 200 BC and since vedic times (Singh and Tiwari 2007). Orchids are used in traditional medicine as they are rich in active compounds including several alkaloids (Okamoto et al. 1966; Lawler and Slaytor 1969; Elander et al. 1973; Nurhayati et al. 2009). Being one of the main constituents of “Herba Dendrobii”, Dendrobium aphyllum deserves special mention. The phenolic constituents of D. aphyllum comprised nine bibenzyls and two benzylethanyl compounds of which moscatilin and moscatin are also present (Ng et al. 2012). The paste of D. aphyllum is used...
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Singh SR, Dalal S, Singh R, et al. (2012a) Seasonal influences on in vitro bud break in Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Arn. ex Munro nodal explants and effect of culture microenvironment on large scale shoot multiplication and plantlet regeneration. Indian J Plant Physiol 17:9–21.
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Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Columbia ecotype suspension- cultured T87 cells were maintained at 22°C in JPL3 medium with continuous illumination and shaking at 100g. Two-week-old cells were sieved through 500 μm stainless mesh and the remaining filtrate was transferred to a flask containing 20 ml of fresh JPL3 medium for subculture.
Brassica rapa is a mustard plant that can be found throughout North America, and is common in areas undergoing extreme change, such as changes in climate. There is an important relationship between the ecological and genetic factors that influence the growth of Brassica rapa (Mitchell-Olds 1996). So, the environmental elements, as well as the genetic information, are essential to the growth rate and survival of Brassica rapa. This plant is capable of reproducing quickly, and the root systems are usually quite small, although some Brassica rapa have developed larger root systems (Mitchell-Olds 1996). This plant is commonly used in experiments because of its ability to germinate rapidly. Brassica rapa is capable of sprouting within a stage of about two weeks, and this trait allows scientists to perform experiments in a short period of time.
Despite the popular belief that all flowers have an equal opportunity when it comes to attracting pollinators the competition over the basic needs of angiosperms causes the practice of deceptive pollination to be very common. Pollination is in most cases a mutualistic relationship that requires some form of benefit to both the pollinator and the flowering plant. The pollinator is attracted to a flower that looks like they can offer food or shelter. However if the flower lacks the benefit of a reward there is a low chance that the pollinator would find the flower desirable enough to pollinate. It is estimated that a large portion of angiosperms are non-rewarding, as a result most rely on the use of other pollination strategies, such as deception to attract pollinators. In deceptive pollination when a flower advertises a reward that they do not actually posses it is known as mimicry. There are two types of mimicry when it comes to deceptive pollination. The awards that the flower mimics are either nutritive or reproductive.
As a result of these factors, the flora has adapted to these conditions in a variety of ways including their shape, leaf type, root system, and color. One of the most prominent adapt...
Top portion of sugarcane of age varying from 4-10 months is used as initial explants however sugarcane of more than 6 months was not preferred. The sugarcane (Co86032) explants were collected from experimental fields of MB & GE department at VSI, Pune. The parameters used for selection of the explants were apparently healthy condition and vigorous growth.
The Brassica rapa plants were bred to live in the colder states of America, such as Michigan and Wisconsin. Up there they have very few times it is actually warm enough for plant growth. So to take advantage of those few short moments, Dr. Williams bred a ...
Abe Kōbō had a method with his stories and plays, that captivated his audiences through the complexities of his plots as well as the obscure meanings within them. His use of suspense and charm help keep his audience on their toes, while his disjointed plots help guide the readers to emotions and thoughts that are outside of the normal spectrum of ideas. This approach of evoking powerful emotions such as fear and confusion through a literary standpoint can have a strong impact on the reader. This impact is seen through the significance of the protagonist turning into a plant in the story, "Dendrocacalia" by Abe Kōbō. The assessment made by Christopher Bolton in his essay “Transforming Science” (pg 29-34), suggest that Abe’s work is strictly
The text by Smith S.E & Read D.J recorded that in 1885 Frank A.B invented the word ‘Mycorrhizae’ which is a literal synonym of fungus-root. Many people tend to think of mushrooms and toadstools when it comes to the word fungus but it can also be found in decaying material and plant tissue within the soil where the fungus’s biomass is made up of a large scale of hyphae filaments. This is the main mode of vegetation growth. This system is known as Frank A.B invention ‘mycorrhizae’ and is a vital role in the functioning of the earth's ecosystem. Mycorrhizae is a fungus that grows inside or attached to the surface with the roots of a plant. By the action of the fungus and roots of a plant connecting, LaFantasie J. describes on her lesson that by
...icot stem. Label and sketch its parts. Take note of the position of the vascular bundle.
Tissue culture allows for the growth of a plant without the use of seeds or pollination.
Take cuttings for clones before you move plants from vegetative grow area to the flowering area. Low branches are cut to increase air circulation under the green canopy. Rooted clones are moved to the vegetative growth area, and new clones are started in the cloning area using the low branch cuttings. Each cycle of growth will take from 4-8 weeks, so you can constantly be growing in 3 stages, and harvesting every 6-8 weeks.
For many years, nature has cloned organisms. When a plant sends out a stalk and it takes root, the new ...
Frequently a person believes that herbal medicine is more naturally safe and soothing than drugs. Nevertheless, there’s no reasonable defense about this. Though many consumers trusted herbal medicine much more than the synthetic medicine because it’s safe and effective, but like anything else, it has its own limitations too. There are several hostile issues related to herbal medicine that has been quite alarming. Notwithstanding, majority of the most popular herbs are at least nearly safe.
Start in seedling trays. Plant one or two seeds per cell. Thin to the strongest plant.