Intro:
Free trade provides opportunity, it provides growth, and it provides struggling nations a chance. With free trade, markets open across national borders and the consumer ultimately benefits from higher quality goods at fair market prices. The producers of such goods now have larger markets to sell to allowing for the opportunity at increased sales, giving the consumer a greater variety of goods that can more individually meet specific demands. Free trade implementation to the United States foreign policy is a developing and revolutionary mindset that will bring prosperity to all parties involved. The United States will benefit from free trade because the market to purchase U.S. made goods and services will increase dramatically in size, thus increasing trade revenues. By doing so, the U.S. can specialize the production of such goods and services in which they maintain a comparative advantage in, while importing products from other nations at a more cost-effective price for the benefit of the consumer.
As of late, the debate of free trade has plagued U.S. foreign policy and caused many to question its overall successfulness however, the benefits of free trade severely outweigh the losses. Free trade builds economies, balances power, and can ultimately decrease trade deficit.
While the U.S. is still developing its foreign policy to adopt the concept of free trade, recent free trade agreements can justify the necessity for such policies. An example of such benefits is the comparison of Bahrain to the United States. By size, Bahrain is only a blip on the map compared to the U.S., its GDP is insignificant, and its population size is but a mere fraction. However, from 2005 to 2011 U.S. exports to Bahrain grew by 246% t...
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...Free Trade – A Guide for PolicyMakers.” The Heritage Foundation. Web. 28 Oct. 2013
6. CATO Institute “Free Trade Benefits All,” by Marian L. Tupy, 2006, Washington Post. Web 28 Oct. 2013
7. "Conflicting Views on Globalization." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 28 Jan. 2011. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
8. "Poll: Support For Free Trade On The Rise," by Kevin Hechtkopf Apr. 07, 2009. CBSNews. CBS Interactive. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
9. "Role of Jobs, Outsourcing and Trade in Select Critical 2012 Contests." by Wilner, Elizabeth. 13 Nov. 2012. Kantar Media Group (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
10. "Reaching 95% of the World's Consumers." by Hackbarth, Sean. 16 May. 2012. U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Free Enterprise. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
11. "Trade Agreements and Jobs." Office of the United States Trade Representative. Executive Office of the President, Oct. 2011. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
In this essay, the author
Compares bahrain to the u.s. by size, gdp, and population size. the bahrain/us fta exemplifies how free trade is not one nation taking advantage of the services of another, but two nations working in harmony to specialize industries.
Explains that free trade has become one of the largest and most controversial topics in american foreign policy due to domestic concerns of a dwindling job market and stagnant unemployment rates.
Argues that economic decisions cannot be made by policy makers without hard numbers; there needs to be facts behind the arguments.
Explains that the north american free trade agreement (nafta) is the world's largest free trade agreement by area, linking 450 million people and $19.24 trillion in goods and services produced by the three countries.
Explains that free trade agreements allow businesses to produce domestically and export to customers in other countries at the same cost as their larger competitors.
Explains that free trade fosters economic freedom and improves the overall standard of living regardless of socioeconomic class.
Opines that the positive societal perception of free trade is vital in order to gain widespread support.
Explains that innovation is fostered through competition, which benefits both the producer and the consumer. america is a unique nation in that most demanded goods are readily available and easy to acquire.
Opines that the liberalization of trade and the pursuit of free trade agreements promote the rule of law.
Opines that free trade is a concept that will gain support as the general public becomes more aware of the benefits it has already brought the nation.
Describes the benefits of u.s. free trade agreements.
Explains the economic benefits of nafta to the united states and mexico | ncpa.
Describes the benefits of free trade — a guide for policymakers. the heritage foundation.
Explains the cato institute's article, "free trade benefits all," by marian l. tupy, washington post.
Analyzes the washington post's "conflicting views on globalization."
Analyzes the article, "poll: support for free trade on the rise," by kevin hechtkopf. cbs interactive.
Analyzes the role of jobs, outsourcing and trade in select critical 2012 contests.
Cites hackbarth, sean, "reaching 95% of the world's consumers." u.s. chamber of commerce. free enterprise.
Explains that "trade agreements and jobs." office of the united states trade representative.
Explains that free trade provides opportunity, growth, and provides struggling nations a chance. the united states will benefit because the market to purchase u.s. made goods and services will increase dramatically in size, increasing trade revenues.
Argues that both parties agree on the need for trade reform, but the disconnect lies in the proper strategy to execute that will be of greatest value to the american people.
Explains that the u.s. buys products from foreign countries, benefiting the economies of those countries through purchases made by american consumers.
Introduction
Free trade has long be seen by economists as being essential in promoting effective use of natural resources, employment, reduction of poverty and diversity of products for consumers. But the concept of free trade has had many barriers to over come. Including government practices by developed countries, under public and corporate pressures, to protect domestic firms from cheap foreign products. But as history has shown us time and time again is that protectionist measures imposed by governments has almost always had negative effects on the local and world economies.
In this essay, the author
Opines that free trade is the most beneficial way for all nations to achieve economic growth. the world trade organization is a critical component in helping to ensure fair trade.
Argues that free trade is essential in promoting effective use of natural resources, employment, reduction of poverty, and diversity of products for consumers.
Opines that free trade is growing, and that governments must support it by modifying current trade policies to remove barriers.
Argues that free trade is based on the comparative-advantage of lower productivity and higher standard of living, and consumers benefit from more diversity and cheaper prices.
Explains that many developing countries still see inconsistences with their ability to get into the international market place, whereas the advanced countries view that they need to make changes slowly and in incremental steps.
Explains that developing countries looked at import substitution and export-led growth to achieve economic growth.
The United States has for over two centuries been involved in the growing world economy. While the U.S. post revolutionary war sought to protect itself from outside influences has since the great depression and world war two looked to break trade restrictions. The United States role in the global economy has grown throughout the 20th century and as a result of several historical events has adopted positions of both benefactor and dependent. The United States trade policy has over time shifted from isolationist protectionism to a commitment to establishing world-wide free trade. Free trade enterprise has developed and grown through organizations such as the WTO and NAFTA. The U.S. in order to obtain its free trade desires has implemented a number of policies that can be examined for both their benefits and flaws. Several trade policies exist as options to the United States, among these fair trade and free trade policies dominate the world economic market. In order to achieve economic growth the United States has a duty to maintain a global trade policy that benefits both domestic workers and industry. While free trade gives opportunities to large industries and wealthy corporate investors the American worker suffers job instability and lower wages. However fair trade policies that protect America’s workers do not help foster wide economic growth. The United States must then engage in economic trade policies that both protect the United States founding principles and secure for tomorrow greater economic stability.
In this essay, the author
Explains that the united states' role in the global economy has grown throughout the 20th century and as a result of several historical events has adopted positions of both benefactor and dependent.
Explains that the united states free trade agenda includes policies that seek to eliminate all restrictions and quotas on trade. the smoot-hawley act created an economic market of high tariffs and trade restrictions.
Explains that the benefits of free trade can be seen in both the economic and social realms of the united states.
Argues that free trade hurts the average american worker while only benefiting the wealthy investors and big business owners.
Opines that countries must enforce fair play between nations to maximize wealth. the world trade organization is the only free trade enforcement agency, but the u.s. is an area of controversy.
Explains that the welfare of american workers has played a prominent role in shaping economic politics. fair trade policies protect the american workforce by placing restrictions on foreign products.
Argues that the u.s. must pursue trade policies that stimulate efficient production and protect the american job market to compete in a global economy.
Explains that the united states' economic trade policy has changed over the course of time from a solitary national, self-reliant system to an interdependent global market.
...d, J.H. 2004, ‘Economic determinants of free trade agreements’, Journal of International Economics, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 29'' 63.
In this essay, the author
Opines that australia's trade with china has heightened in the last couple of years. china is home to 1.3 billion people and consumes a variety of goods, including food, toys, clothing, gifts, and car parts.
Explains that australia has good political and economic relations with both china and japan, neither of which wish to exclude australia from a regional trading community.
Explains australia imported $287.8 billion in goods from china last year, up from $51.5 billion a decade ago, according to the australian commerce department.
Explains that china is australia's third largest merchandise trading partner and seventh largest service export market. a more liberal chinese trade policy could increase australia’s income in part through greater market access for its exports.
Analyzes how australia's bilateral merchandise trade with china grew from aus$10.1 billion in 1998-99, while its merchandise imports from china increased. saving on tax is another area.
Explains that china's merchandise exports to australia are mainly labour intensive manufactures, with the major categories being textile, clothing, footwear, machinery, and electronics. china’s integration into the world economy through trade was one of the key drivers of this strong economic growth.
Explains that chinese motorcycle manufacturers don't make huge investments in marketing. copying collapses time and eliminates the learning curve right through the supply chain. japanese companies are making a comeback.
Opines that imports are creating an uneven and deceptive playing field. the specific damage to local manufacturing industry and the agricultural sector is obvious.
Opines that the health and safety issue of imported goods from asia is one of the most serious issues china faces about this trade to australia.
Explains that china has more deaths per capita from work-related illnesses each year than any other country, according to the ilo. in 2005, 386,645 chinese workers died of occupational illnesses.
Opines that the chinese government has an enormous stake in protecting the "made in china" brand. a region-wide trade agreement would be in australia's interests, but it is not part of australian policy to encourage such a wide and comprehensive pact in the asia pacific region.
Explains that australia imported $288 billion worth of chinese products in 2006, more than double the 2002 figure and 10 times the 1992 amount.
Argues that australia and china can benefit from the trade between china and australia if these issues can be handled professionally.
Cites anderson, pomfret, asia education, and bergstrand, j.h.
Cites balassa, buetre, ahmadi-esfahani, and business day, 2006, 'cheap buys can trash australia'.
For more than two hundred years, free trade has been the reliable solution put forth by most prominent economists. If protectionist measures were done away with completely, theoretically each sovereign nation could rise to their highest capacity according to the theory of comparative advantage, thus leading to mass output, higher living standards for citizens and a net gain for society. The 2003 Economic Report of the President reported that free trade: “... Brings greater specialization according to comparative advantage, lower prices, and a wider selection of products and services for both consumers and firms. Openness to trade allows exporters to sell their output in a larger market; workers in export industries benefit as the resulting higher prices for the goods they make translate into higher wages and incomes.” (CEA).
In this essay, the author
Explains that free trade has been the reliable solution put forth by most prominent economists. if protectionist measures were done away with completely, each sovereign nation could rise to their highest capacity according to the theory of comparative advantage.
Argues that the history of free trade has been a tenuous one fraught with high sentiments of nationalism and high tariffs.
Argues that western feminists believe that free trade affects the working conditions and wages of women, and not in a positive way.
Analyzes the cultural philosophy of confucianism, where societal bonds take precedence over individual rights.
Explains that free trade is one of the core tenants of liberalism as put forth in the original theory by smith and ricardo of comparative advantage.
Explains that marxism argues that free trade would drive down workers' wages and encourage countries to "grow rich" at the expense of others.
Argues that realism opposes the concept of free trade as infringing on a states sovereign identity and national security.
Explains that they will examine japan's traditional gender roles for women and how it can be affected by free trade agreements. they will highlight the ongoing process of tpp by using historical, cultural and economic histories in relation to japanese women.
Explains that japan had one of the longest stretches of peace in the world and culture flourished without outside influence.
Explains that abenomics is a mix of reflation, government spending, and growth strategy designed to jolt the economy out of suspended animation that has gripped it for decades.
Explains that prime minister abe's main goal is to restore the japanese economy from its twenty-year strong deflation and has already begun shifting towards liberal economic policies like devaluation of the yen, aggressive quantitative easing and more public infrastructure spending.
Explains that japanese women are the decision makers in the nuclear family unit. they control the finances, ensure that dinner is set on the table, and are involved in their child's life.
Explains that the trans pacific partnership is a free trade agreement that would include all countries in the asia-pacific region.
Analyzes how japan's aversion to internationalization was documented during the meiji period. the agricultural industry, whose top five tariffs for dairy, rice, wheat, beef and pork range over 800%, is traditionally protected against foreign imports.
Explains that as women head the nuclear family unit in japan, their decisions affect the domestic agricultural industry and the future of free trade. while the ministry of culture has been trying to increase an interest in traditional japanese food, japanese women are turning away from food that is expensive and time-consuming to produce.
Argues that women are marginalized by the patriarchal society that dictates traditional gender roles and maintains the status quo. in japan, prime minister shinzo abe promotes women and girls as an essential part of his economic policy of abenomics.
Analyzes how holloway emphasizes the role of culture and norms in japanese feminist identity and development, especially with the influence of western ideals.
Argues that participation in the trans pacific partnership would bring japan back to relevance in world affairs should it be signed.
Although countries may sometimes contemplate having completely free trade, their trade policy is usually restricted using methods such as tariffs, quotas, or administrative barriers. (Sloman et al. 2015) Against the potential benefits trade might provide, one has to consider the possible costs incurred. One of the oldest and most cited arguments proposed against free trade is the protection of infant industries and key domestic industries from foreign competitors. In the US, industries such as that of steel, petroleum, automobiles, and aerospace are considered essential to the nation’s welfare in times of war, with the thought that international suppliers will not be as dependable as in times of peace. To preserve the country’s superiority, restricting foreign imports should thus be encouraged in order to stimulate development and growth. Infant industries, meanwhile, are industries that have a potential for comparative advantage, but have not yet developed the economies of scale necessary to accomplish this, lack of necessary networks, or simply financial inadequacy. Protection from foreign competition should then, accordingly, allow them the capacity for expansion and efficiency. These arguments can be considered somewhat more politic than economic, however, and a careful balance between self-sufficiency and the economic costs of foregoing trade ought be
In this essay, the author
Explains that trade has been an important aspect of human civilization since ancient times, but only with the advent of modern technology has globalization allowed international trade to thrive.
Explains that ricardo's theory of comparative advantage is based on the concept of opportunity costs.
Explains the ricardian model, which relies on a variety of assumptions not often accomplished in real world markets.
Argues that free trade isn't universally agreed upon as the best choice, and that a careful balance between self-sufficiency and the economic costs of foregoing trade should be maintained.
Argues that the protectionist viewpoint is rooted in their desire to reduce foreign competition against domestic goods and services.
Argues that while domestic industries are impacted by the introduction of free trade, foreign goods are in no way capable of completely replacing the market share domestic firms own.
Argues that while jobs are created due to free trade, negative social ramifications occur in the wake of such.
Opines that the link between trade and poverty alleviation is not automatic, but trade can still be an important force for change.
Argues that trade as a whole is globally beneficial, allowing countries to produce, as well as receive, at levels otherwise unattainable.
The global economy needs free trade. Countries need free trade. Trade with other countries occurs at some level in every country globally. There may be some indigenous tribes within some countries that can lay the claim that they are self-sufficient, however, there is not a single country that can say the same. Proponents of an open trading system contend that international trade results in higher levels of consumption and investment, lower prices of commodities, and a wider range of product choices for consumers (Carbaugh, 2009, p26). Free trade is necessary. How do countries decide what to import and what to export?
In this essay, the author
Opines that the global economy needs free trade, and that countries need it.
Explains ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, which states that the citizens of each nation can gain by spending more of their time and resources doing things in which they have a relative advantage.
Argues against ricardo's comparative advantage theory, which emphasizes technological differences as the reason for free trade.
Opines that politics can play a role in free trade, and that countries need to think long and hard before intervening in trade wars and trying to gain an advantage over others.
Opines that krugman's article poses interesting alternatives to the comparative advantage theory. the global trade policy will not change much because countries are content with the current trade policies.
Explains that economic development shapes the patterns of world trade. education, technical skills, income, and natural resources determine what countries will produce and trade; high-income countries concentrate production in areas that take advantage of their abundance of highly skilled labor.
- - -. Office of the United States Trade Representative. “Economy and Trade.” n.d. web. 25 Oct. 2011.
In this essay, the author
Opines that if the us closed off borders to foreign trade, the transportation industry would suffer economic hardships and jobs would be lost.
Argues that if the us closed off its borders to foreign trade, it would increase its standard of living and make america more profitable.
Opines that americans should be thinking about the positive aspects of foreign trade instead of closing international trade borders.
Analyzes how asce assesses infrastructure crisis. proquest research library. lugar, dick. the story of oil: top 10 questions about the history, development, and problems of
The most influential Free Trade Agreement is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Canada and the United States accounted for 90% in exports and 55% in imports. The organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) position and recognize the Mexican worker as the number one-hard working citizen. In r...
In this essay, the author
Explains mexico's economy is the 13th largest in the world, and the 11th in purchasing power.
Explains that mexico's unemployment rate was 5.373% in 2010 and its current labor force estimates to make up 28.8%.
Explains the north american free trade agreement (nafta), signed by the united states, canada, and mexico. oecd and wto recognize the mexican worker as the number one-hard-working citizen.
Opines that mexico's economic freedom is 66.8, ranking the country’s economy the 55th most liberal. its largest flaw is corruption and labor market opposition.
Explains that mexico lacks physical, institutional, and financial responsibilities. the mexican government exercises centralized power along with other administrative and political factors.
Opines that mexico's economy is emerging as a modern industrial and service sector, with large growth in private ownership. the federal government is moving towards centralization allowing solidity and prosperity.
Explains that u.s. entrepreneurs can have great success when coming to mexico. based businesses manufactured in china started looking at mexico because there are no overseas fees, and time consumption.
Explains that the first question that pops in mind when making business with mexico is how do we deal with crime and corruption?
Explains that denali telecom solutions has to meet the business launch requirements by going through a variety of licensing and permitting fees.
Explains that mexico has three basic powers of government, the executive, legislative, and judicial branching. democracy is the government form used in mexico where the people vote a six-year term ruling for their executive branch head.
Explains that president enrique pena nieto is the chief of state and head of government in the executive branch. he is also the supreme commander of the army, navy, and air force.
Explains that both chambers are accountable for the responsible approval of legislation and the ratification of high-level presidential appointments.
Explains that unlike the president of mexico, the congress has the right to pass laws, impose taxes, declare war, approve the national budget, and approve or reject treaties and conventions made with foreign countries.
Explains that the chamber of deputies takes care of the government's budget and public expenses and has the power to prosecute.
Explains that the judicial branch contains a supreme court of justice, circuit courts and district court. all 31 states have their own executive, legislative, and judiciary authorities.
Explains that mexican general law of commercial companies (glcc) controls the business organization, and oversees corporate government rules and regulations. mexican labor laws are defensive of employees.
Explains that employers are obligated to pay their employees a year-end bonus wage before december 20th of each year. industrial facilities must also commit to protect the environment through the environmental impact authorization.
Explains that the operating license or consolidated environmental license prevent and help control air pollution. these licenses must be secured from the ministry of the environment and natural resources.
Interdependence and Free Trade, These are the two most fashionable words spoken by economists and world leaders today. The majority of the nations of the world are involved one type of trade agreement or another and nearly all of the countries in the world are members of the World Trade Organization. With this surge in interdependence and trade agreements however, there have surged many problems and issues that cause much controversy and discordance. One of the main issues that has caused controversy, especially in th...
In this essay, the author
Explains that the north american free trade agreement (nafta) is a regional trade agreement between mexico, the united states, and canada.
Opines that trade agreements like nafta, where manufacturing jobs are shifted from the developed world to the developing world, are necessary.
Explains that mexico is becoming industrialized while the united states is entering a new era where the service business dominates. trade agreements like the north american free trade agreement facilitate this transition in economies.
Analyzes how adam smith's view on division of labor is proving itself with the north american free trade agreement. the united states and mexico are engaged in the type of industry that best suits each country.
Explains that the north american free trade agreement was designed to eliminate all trade barriers between the three countries and promote conditions of fair competition and increase investment opportunities.
Explains that the nafta was mostly designed to take advantage of mexico's maquiladora program. they explain that they can bring as many foreign workers as they want but hourly wage earners have to be mexican.
Explains that the north american free trade agreement was a highly controversial issue in all three countries before it came into effect.
Explains that there are many sides to the labor dispute that erupted because of nafta. canada and the united states are developed both industrially and technologically, while mexico is still considered a developing country.
Explains the impact of nafta on mexico and the united states. the u.s. government reports that 18 million jobs were created and 7 million lost in the us.
Explains that mexico's increase in employment is more linked to nafta than in the united states. rates have also risen dramatically since the north american free trade agreement went into effect.
Analyzes how adam smith tells us that the workmen want to get as much money as they can, while the masters seek to give as little money.
Opines that the trade agreement was beneficial to both countries, but several sectors of the economies of each nation benefited more than others.
Analyzes how the manufacturing sector has grown in mexico. it is mexico's largest economic activity second only to the commerce.
Explains that manufacturing in the united states has remained stagnant throughout much of this decade and a greater part of the 1980’s. the highest number of workers this year is the month of october with 18,202,000 workers.
Explains that the service occupation industry has seen a steady rise in employment over the past two decades. the service industry employment number now stands at its highest point in 1999.
Opines that trade agreements like the one that the united states has with mexico will be the norm in the coming decades.
Explains that mexican companies that export more than 80 percent of their production, pay 40 percent more. mexico is gaining not only with more jobs but higher paying jobs.
Opines that the north american free trade agreement was a movement for growth instead of restraining the inevitable development of these countries.
Cites globerman, steven, and alan rugman. foreign investment in nafta.
Explains smith's inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.
Explains the secretaria de trabajo y prevision social. estadisticas laborales.
Explains the north american free trade agreement at five years: what it means for the u.s. and mexico.
Explains the north american free trade agreement: five years linking u.s. and mexican markets.
4 “Inter-American Trade” Published by the National Law Center for Inter-American Free Trade, Vol 5, N11, P1, May 29, 1998.
In this essay, the author
Explains that brazil's national language is portuguese, while the united states' english differs from england. other influences are attributed to the african heritage and german, italian and spanish immigrants.
Explains that brazil is a federal republic under the leadership of an executive, legislative, and judicial president whose powers are similar to those of the united states.
Explains that the population estimate in 1999 was 171,853. their ethnic groups include: white (includes portuguese, german, italian, spanish, polish) 55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%,
Explains that privatization is the transfer of assets or service delivery from the government to the private sector.
Explains that brazil's national government began considering privatization plans to generate badly needed investment capital. the government was unable to provide basic social rights, such as education, health, justice, and public security, because of their enormous public debt.
Opines that the government should reduce its role in the economy and allocate more resources to social investment.
Explains that between 1991-1999 one hundred twenty-three state and federal companies were privatized, generating over $89 billion in proceeds that helped finance elevated current account deficits and keep public debt under control.
Explains that brazil led the world in the number of companies that were privatized in telecommunications and electrical energy in 1998. the bndes, the brazilian bank organizing the privatization program, collected approximately $80 billion.
Explains the creation of a model able to handle the transfer of state monopoly to the private sector, protecting conflicting interests of the government and of minority shareholders of telebrás.
Explains that the brazilian telecoms code of 1962 was based on the state's stake in providing and operating telecommunications services.
Explains that the mainstream media, the general public, influential journalists, administration, multinational telecommunication companies, industry representatives, and many more are in favor of privatization.
Opines that the loss of many jobs and government revenue leads to welfare not being maximized.
Opines it is in the best interest of national security for the government to control telecommunications.
Explains that 1995 constitutional amendment no. 8 changed article 21 of the 1988 constitution, ending the state monopoly for operating telecommunication services, and privatizing telebrás companies.
Explains that brazil's history begins with the arrival of the portuguese in 1500, who infected and killed thousands of indians with measles and smallpox.
Explains brazil's music, dances and instruments are developed from european, african, and indigenous indian roots. brazil is also famous for its sculptures.
Explains that brazil is the largest country in latin america in both population and landmass, bordering all countries in south america except chile and ecuador.
Explains how the brazilian telecommunications sector transformed from a state monopoly system to one with modern and competitive structures. the brazilian government sold 51.79 percent of voting shares in telebrás for us$19 billion.
Explains the creation of the national telecommunications council, a regulatory agency for the sector, which was subsequently abolished by the collor government.
Describes how telebrás and embratel dominated the brazilian telecommunications sector in the 1980s.
Opines that good telecommunications is vital to development, but ldc governments lack the funds or know-how to implement and upgrade their telecoms infrastructure. monopolies reduce creativity, marginalize the client, and discourage innovation.
Explains that the re-balancing of tariffs was a change needed for the privatization process.
Explains how the congress of the general telecoms law changed the government's role in the telecoms sector from provider to regulator.
Explains that brazil's privatization of telecommunications was one of the last to take place in latin america.
Explains that brazil had 39 million telephone lines in service by the end of 2003, one of the highest in latin america. telebrás operated approximately 95 percent of brazil's lines.
Opines that the brazilian government balanced its two conflicting roles of regulator and shareholder, opening a competitive environment in the sector and achieving maximum value from the sale of its assets.
Cites the national law center for inter-american free trade and werner's "latin american telecom bursts out of the gate."
Cites costain, meredith, and collins, paul. "sector outlook – telecommunications" latin american monitor: brazil monitor, vol 21 issue 10, oct. 2004.