Conceptual framework/models
In order to minimize, if not avoid, the risks associated with the displacement of people, one requires theories which are capable of explaining how displacement may lead to social and economic impoverishment. There are at least two views as to why things often go wrong in resettlement. According to DeWet (1996) these may be called the „inadequate inputs‟ approach and the „inherent complexity‟ approach. This study is one based on Dewat‟s principles. A good example of the former approach is Michael Cernea‟s „Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model‟.
The Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model (IRR)
When people move to a new place in a planned and controlled manner, they are faced with various challenges in adapting to the altered circumstances. The specific ecological, social, economic and cultural situations in which they have to resettle require diverse adaptive strategies. Often this adjustment is difficult and carries multiple risks. Cernea (1996) argues that, in order to mitigate these risks, the identification and application of a viable conceptual framework is of paramount importance. He has consequently proposed an „Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model‟ (IRR) to help in the analysis and prediction of risks in relation to forced displacement.
According to the IRR model, development-induced displacement may lead to eight forms of socioeconomic risks: unemployment, homelessness, landlessness, marginalization, food insecurity, loss of access to common property, erosion of health status, and social disarticulation. This model captures not only economic but also social and cultural impoverishment, reflecting the fact that displaced people lose natural capital, man-made capital, h...
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...(Ellis, 2000; Murray, 2002).
Many researchers have studied on livelihood strategies. Among these studies, Okali (2001) confirm that most of people in Africa and Asia rely on the combination of activities; these people do not specialize in crop production or trade and services to the total exclusion of other income-earning activities. Carswell (1997) focuses on agricultural intensification, Toulmin, (2000) stress the diversification of livelihoods, De Haan, (2000) concentrate on migration, and Tegegne (2000) highlights the rural non-farm activities and the production decision of farmers.
Livelihood Outcomes
Livelihood outcomes are that households achieve with their livelihood strategies are a result of all these factors their assets, their vulnerabilities, the institutions and organizations that either enhance or restrict their livelihood out puts (DFID, 2001).
“Understanding people who are homeless also plays a very important role – as many poor people who are being provided homes through government schemes are renting their homes to others and they are going back to their previous dwellings (slums/huts). The solution to slums is not to evict people, or to eradicate the dwellings, but to create conditions so that people can improve their own dwellings, with the assistance of the community. One of the best ways to do that is by giving slum-dwellers security of tenure, so they know they are protected against arbitrary, unfair, or illegal eviction. If people know that, even if they only make a couple of hundred dollars a year, which many people do, they'll spend money improving their house that they wouldn't otherwise do if they were afraid of being evicted. If governments acted in partnership with people in this way, many good things could
By exploring the past and its threats to human populations, the global modern mythology of sustainable agriculture can begin to be narrowed down as to the how and why rural communities may or may not have benefited from agricultural sustainability. By describing the dynamic analysis in the livelihoods of developing countries, the historical changes that had occurred in rural communities, can be understood. Halberg and Müller stated that globally “The world’s population was about 7 billion in 2010 and is expected to grow much more. The expected growth is highest in parts of the world that are vulnerable to hunger and adverse climate condit...
COUNTRIES. UNITED NATIONS EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARAB REGION, UN/POP/EGM/2006/02, 1-21, available at: https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Arab/P02_Kapiszewski.pdf
Refugees have two basic choices. They can return to their home country, or they can try to settle in another country. Most refugees, however, cannot return home because conditions in their native country have not changed sufficiently to eliminate the problems from whi...
International migration in the development context relates both to people that have chosen to move of their own accord , and forced migrants that can ultimately end up contributing to both their country of resettlement and possibly their country of origins if it is ever safe to return . Development meanwhile , is a dynamic process implying growth , advancement , empowerment and progress with the goal of increasing human capabilities . Contemplating for a change the large community of immigrants hopes for immigration laws to be permanently reformed for better opportunities , growth as a nation , and development in modern day American society . The ultimate goal is to enlarge the scope of human choices and creating a safe and secure environment where citizens can live with dignity and equality . We are able to identify the development immigrants have had and can see how highly entrepreneurial they become . Research from the Small Business Administration suggests that immigrants are more likely to start a business than are non-immigrants
The natural built environment of migration is as more and more people move away from their country and community the culture will predictably become weak the environmental factor of this is that it can leave the environment under used or w...
The Syrian Refugee Crisis has grown to be the largest refugee crisis of modern history with two million Syrians who have fled and five million displaced still inside Syrian borders. (5) The refugee crisis is causing many economic issues in countries like Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and others, scarcity in essential resources such as water, overcrowding, and also many social issues in countries where Syrians are taking refuge. Not only is The Syrian Refugee Crisis having a devastating impact on Syrians themselves, but it is also reaching out to hurt neighboring countries where the refugees are seeking shelter from the violence and unrest.
Our nation was founded on agriculture, and for hundreds of years we were able to migrate across the nation bringing our farming tools and techniques with us. Technology has driven populations away from rural areas towards industrialized cities. With money now being pumped into cities, rural farmers are suffering the most. Farmers are taking out large loans in order to sustain their farms, leading to debt and in some cases suicide. Patel spoke about a farmer in India whose husband took his life because he was unable to live with the amount of debt from his struggling farm. This man left his wife and chi...
Overall Central Africa’s dependence on agriculture could improve the wellbeing of the people but a long history of corruption, violence, and prevalent transportation issues have hindered an improvement in the economy resulting in poverty among the region. Poverty will not subside unless these issues are dealt with and improved.
Maxwell, Simon. "Book Review Symposium." Development Policy Review 26.1 (2008): 113-128. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
It can be noted that in analyzing the migration and development there are two general perspectives to be adopted such as Macro theory and Micro theory. In terms of the Macro theory it is also referred to as the push and pull. With regards to push element it initially refers to the motive and stimulus to cause immigration to move from th...
Migration is the geographical movement of people in order to settle in other places for longer periods of time. It has been extensively analyzed by historians and social scientists. Philosophers however have thought little and have said even less about it. The migration policies involve highly consented normative judgments in all phases; the gap is quite astonishing. The political philosophers and the political theorists rarely discuss about migration. They have never ever developed a coherent ethics of migration. The theorists have started thinking about this issue from the last thirty years and still we do not have any comprehensive and systematic treatment.
To accurately analyze various impacts of migration, one must first understand clearly the meaning of migration. Migration is the process or means by which people move from one geographical location to another geographical location (Castle and Miller, 2009). However, migration plays a key role in the development of both developed and developing countries. According to (Castle and Miller, 2009), “we are well into a post industrial, post-cold war world and about to embark on a brand new century within which immigration will play a central role”.
...earch and extension, rural infrastructure, and market access for small farmers. Rural investments have been sorely neglected in recent decades, and now is the time to reverse this trend. Farmers in many developing countries are operating in an environment of inadequate infrastructure like roads, electricity, and communications; poor soils; lack of storage and processing capacity; and little or no access to agricultural technologies that could increase their profits and improve their livelihoods. Recent unrest over food prices in a number of countries may tempt policymakers to put the interests of urban consumers over those of rural people, including farmers, but this approach would be shortsighted and counterproductive. Given the scale of investment needed, aid donors should also expand development assistance to agriculture, rural services, and science and technology.
Owing to the varied results in regards to migration, policies pertaining to development and migration have been developed in reaction to the variation issues. For example, toward the close of the twentieth century, the view on migration changed from being seen as a development factor to the migrators’ states and as a factor leading to growth of the economy in the receiving states (Geiger & Studies, 2013). This is because of the newly developed problem pertaining to pressure caused by migration. Many policy makers hold that the levels of immigration have stretch to intolerable heights. The issue of security, especially for the receiving countries has also arisen owing to the massive influx of immigrants into these countries. Owing to these recently developed problems, the idea of immigration has received a major setback