Emmalene Gabriel
AP Psychology Summer Work
What is psychology?
Psychology is the scientific method of human behaviors and mental processes. Psychology is a soft science because you can not predict an outcome and there are multiple possible outcomes. It is the way people act, think, and feel. Psychology is very important to our modern day society because there are so many people who need all the help they can get and it is helpful to have the background of psychology to know why certain things are occurring.
Important Figures in Psychology
•Albert Bandura- Bandura believed behaviors are learned through observation and used the Bobo doll to support his theory. With the Bobo doll experiment, he showed children a video of someone
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He believes that most of what the mind is doing is unconscious sexual or aggressive impulses. Also unconscious conflicts from our childhood drive most of our behaviors.He believes we may do or say things without the understanding of the true motives that trigger these behaviors.
•William James- James was considered as the “father of psychology” because he taught the first psychology course in the United States. He believed in functionalism which is the purposes of the elements of being human. He greatly believed in Darwin's ideas about natural selection. He believed the most adaptive behaviors in a human will become habitual and grow stronger and become more likely to endure.
•B.F. Skinner- Skinner was a strong believer in reward and punishment. He believed that if a child does something right, they should be rewarded so they can continue doing the action. If a child does something wrong, they should be punished so it will not happen again. Skinner also created the ‘Skinner Box’ and it was a device used to prove operant conditioning using a rat as the
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Nurture is based on behaviorism and that behavior is learned through the environment and conditioning, like talents. An example of a nature vs nurture debate would be with intelligence. People who agree with nature would think that the parents intelligence determines the child's success. This is also known as children being “born smart”. People who agree with nurture would argue that the child's intelligence came from how the child was raised and the child's upbringing in the school
Nurture is our personal experiences and our environment. It is the way we were brought up by our parents or guardians. How is nurture involved in my development growing up? For instance, growing up I was always kind of shy. My parents never really signed me up for any after school activities since they always had to work. Also, growing up since I was “different” I would get picked on for not looking like my peers. When I was little and in elementary school there were not many Hispanic kids and I always felt like the odd one. I did not get the chance to become confident by playing sports after school and since I would get picked on it made me not want to speak out much either. Today it is a different story I am a bit quiet, but I am no longer shy and I’ve learned to be more
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner, an American behavioral psychologist, is best known for his experiments on changing behavior. With behavioral psychologists Pavlov and Watson as his inspiration, Skinner formulated his theory of operational conditioning. His idea of “shaping” behavior is prevalent in the parenting and teaching techniques of children and students.
Freud drew the attention of the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious mind in psychology. This is one of Freud’s best contribution to psychology. He illustrated
Skinner came up with operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is when consequences are used to determine whether a certain behavior will be repeated again. In operant conditioning there is positive and negative punishment and positive and negative reinforcement. Positive punishment and positive reinforcement can both be used to increase the likelihood of good behavior, and positive and negative punishment can be used to decrease the likelihood of behavior. Positive reinforcement is when something good is given to enforce the good behavior, and negative reinforcement is when something good is to make sure that the bad behavior doesn’t happen again. Positive punishment is when something bad is given to make sure that the behavior is less likely to happen, and negative punishment is when something bad is taken away to make sure that the desired behavior happens again. Skinner tested this by putting a mouse inside a box and punishing it when it did something that it was not supposed to do and rewarding it when it did something that it was supposed to
Burrhus Frederic Skinner was 18th century American psychologist and the founder of operant conditioning in learning. He believed that external force such as environment can affect an individual’s behavior. According to his theory, one must look at the reinforcement and the consequence in order to understand why organism’s behaved in certain ways. Skinner showed how rat can be used in operant conditioning in his laboratory.
Bandura based his conducted theory on modeling behavior and observational learning. His theory also emphasizes conscious cognitive processes and learning and including the importance of beliefs about the self, self-regulation and goal setting. Bandura 's theory of personality is a child 's personality is highly dependent on their social environment as well as their level of self-regulation and self-efficacy. This theory applies too all of the factors in the social cognitive theory as well as the concept of reciprocal determination. Reciprocal determination refers to the collective and continuous interactions that occur between the human behavior, human mind, and environmental factors. Just like when Bandura performed an experiment on a group of toddlers with the Bobo doll and after the conclusions he analyzed humans do learn through observing behaviors, others actions and even the outcome of what behavior they act upon. Essentially what he believes is that humans behavior is effected by and affects the world and environment around
Freud worked the early part of his career with a Viennese colleague and friend Josef Breuer who influenced much of his work later on. Working with Breuer, Freud came up with the idea that phobias, pains, paranoia's and etc. had their roots in a previous experience hidden in the unconscious. Breuer experimented with hypnosis techniques and found that recalling memories of the unconscious relieved symptoms of patient's ills. These conclusions influenced Freud to think that the workings of the mind could not be strictly physical causes. Freud felt that unconscious thought could be suppressed but not hidden altogether revealing them selves in dreams, slips of the pen and tongue. This unconscious thought or mental state cannot be brought to the forefront of consciousness ultimately determining the actions of the conscious self. He believed that the unconscious mind could be repressed but not hidden altogether. All this emotional energy within the human personality was given the name of the "id" by Freud. According to Freud the id is concerned with satisfying all basic urges from thirst and hunger to sexual desire and determined to achieve satisfaction at any cost. The desires of the id are often placed in the subconscious usually manifesting t...
Sigmund Freud once said, “Being entirely honest with oneself is good exercise”. Amongst the brains of the 20th century lie many great people who have devoted their lives to research in order to conclude an achievement of every day, and provide useful and technical information that will help the world advance in the future. Amongst these people lie, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein and many more. One name who is highly debated and criticized for his theories is a psychologist and neurologist Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud, a psychologist, medical doctor and the father of psychoanalysis is one of the most famous psychologists in the history and development of psychology, due to his provocative theories such as Freudian slip, and his theories and work
Skinner designed an experiment to test operant conditioning, known as a ‘Skinner box’ (Gross 2005). In the box, animals, such as rats, would be conditioned into certain behaviour. For example, by pressing a lever to receive food (Gross 2005).
One of the most well-known debates in psychology is nature versus nurture. Nature is pre-determined traits, influenced by biological factors and genetics. Physical characteristics such as height, hair color, and eye color is all determined by the genetics we inherit. Nurture is the influence of environmental factors. Nature and nurture affects the physical, emotional, and social development of a child.
Skinner took Edward Thorndike’s ideas and put them together to invent the Skinner Box. He had made something that was like an enclosed maze and made the rats learn stimulus response. In trials, Skinner had developed the basic concept of operant conditioning. This type of learning was not the result of stimulus response learning. B.F. Skinner is known as the father of operant conditioning. His work is based on Thorndike’s law on effect. He had studied operant conditioning by conducting different experiments by using animals. Skinner had used the animals for the “Skinner Box” experiment. He had identified three types of responses/operant that act with this behavior. These three types are neutral operant, reinforcers and publishers. (The history of operant conditioning.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes. Many people go through troubles every day, some more than others; this might be related to a mental disorder or condition affecting the mind. This is why psychologist are important in society today. They are always working hard to find new medicines and therapy techniques to help make life a lot easier.
Have you ever wondered where you got your personality from? The nature and nurture debate is a discussion about whether being raised shapes your personality more, or genetics which you get from your parents. Nature is genetics from the parents and makes the features of you. Nurture describes what you’re parents act like and if you act like them now. Nurture affects the child’s brain by everything the parents do with the child and how the child will act. Nurture reflects on how the child will listen and how the child will act. Nature and Nurture are both very important in a child’s life but nurture is more important. Nurture is how they treat you and how much they take care of you, which is an important part of growing up.
Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychology, shaped the course of medicine in many ways such as the treatment of psychopathology and others feats in the neurological field. In Sigmund Freud a short biography, by Giovanni Castigan, you get to see Freud in a third person perspective. Throughout the book you see Sigmund Freud grow up and reminisce on his earlier persona. You get to see a poor, jewish boy turn into a ambitious, mature, decisive man that shaped the course of modern psychology.
At the age of 40 in 1896, Sigmund Freud introduced the world to a new term- psychoanalysis (Gay 1). Psychoanalysis is a method of treating patients with different nervous problems by involving them in dialogues which provide the physician with insight into the individual’s psyche. These dialogues provided the basis for Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which “attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges” (Weiten 363). Part of this theory involves the structure of the mind. This is a concept that touches on human nature itself and attempts to explain the motives behind human behavior.