Histopathology and molecular pathology both fall within the medical science branch of pathology where the primary concern is the examination of tissues, body fluids, and organs to aid in the diagnosis of diseases.
Histopathology favours biopsies ‘fixed’ on glass slides for examination whereas molecular pathology concentrates its efforts at a molecular and genetic level to aid in diagnosis.
For:
Sharing certain aspects of practice with other disciplines of pathology like clinical pathology, anatomic pathology, biochemistry, and molecular biology, molecular pathology seeks to understand and diagnose, at a molecular level, the mechanisms and origins of diseases (Harris and McCormick 2010). Through patient samples tests are carried out to measure
…show more content…
Its history is long and successful. Additionally, its sensitivity and simplicity, spatial and temporal resolution have all played a part in its importance that has led to its persistence as the gold standard in disease detection (Kiernan, 1999; Boekelheide, K. & Schuppe-Koistinen, I. 2012)
Histopathological samples are examined in vivo where the relationship between the cells is maintained and observable. These can be cross sections of small organs or slices of larger ones. This results in a large number of cells being available and their cell-to-cell interactions apparent for examination.
Blood and urine based biomarkers used in molecular pathology are only indicative of the average response of the cell population affected with little or no information of the range of response or variability form areas of tissue (Naddler and Langley 2001)
Due to histopathology’s ability to identify spatial and temporal features it can convey large amounts of information of toxicological processes where molecular biomarkers are unable to, specifically in acute kidney damage where the marker KIM-1 is seen to rise and fall so is unreliable (Vaidya et al.
Since most patients will either have an intact immunoglobulin or a free light chain, quantifying the amount of the M protein will aid in calculating the myeloma tumor burden; staging the myeloma patients; and documenting their response to treatment (Dispenzieri, Lacy, & Greipp, 2004). Moreover, since in 93% of patients a monoclonal protein can be detected in serum and in roughly 70% a monoclonal protein or fragment will be present in urine, according to Nau and Lewis (2008), the diagnosis of an asymptomatic (smoldering) multiple myeloma disease depends on the presence of serum M protein levels of ≥ 3 g/dL; ≥ 10% of bone marrow plasma cells; no related organ or tissue destruction like bone lesions; and no symptoms. On the other hand, the diagnosis of a symptomatic multiple myeloma disease can be accomplished by the presence of M protein in serum and/or urine together with clonal bone marrow plasma cells or plasmacytoma; myeloma-related organ or tissue impairment; and obvious symptoms (Nau, & Lewis,
Although, it is easy to believe that all cells in a tumor are neoplastic, evidence suggests otherwise. There are three characteristics that are present in all KS cells whether they are neoplastic or not. The first is absence of a histologically distinguishable neoplastic cell. The second is the lack of usual chromosomal abnormalities. The last is a combination of three features angiogenesis, inflammation, and proliferation.
A separate, but related problem is in the accuracy of the diagnosis in identifying a discrete pattern of pathology. I...
In summary, future research in the field of biomarker discovery needs validation in regards to the use of cell lines as a model and the proteomic techniques used. For instance, having a non-malignant control in addition to the cancer cell lines is critical because although cell lines represent tumors from which they originated (Sardana), the candidate markers discovered might not be commonly expressed in other prostate cancer cells nor have the capacity to discriminate between cancer and non-malignant cells (Johnson) (Hosseini-Beheshti). The discovery of novel prostate cancer specific biomarkers has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency and decrease mortality (Soliman), and thus should be pursued to provide validation on current limitations.
Lovas JGL, in 1986 conducted a study, apoptosis in human epidermis by electron microscopy, on skin samples excised from the middle of the medial aspect of the upper arm of m106 consecutive autopsy cases. The time interval between death and biopsy was less than 24 hours in all but three cases.
For example if the liver is damaged or diseased then some of its enzymes will leak into the bloodstream. A blood test will check for this and give the doctor an idea as to what has happened.
The "Genetic Screening" Genetic Screening. NDSU,. Web. The Web. The Web.
The study of cells is not limited to describing structures. A central concept in modern cytology is that each structure has a function that may be understood as a series of biochemical reactions. The understanding of these functions has been greatly aided by the development of cell fractionation techniques, using an ultracentrifuge to separate specific intracellular structures from the rest of the cell. Another technique is tissue culture, by which specific kinds of cells can be isolated and grown for study.
Every organ in the human body is composed of one or more tissues. The study of these tissues is known as histology. It is because of histology that the structure of organs can be researched and understood. Since organs are composed of tissues, it is important to understand each tissue type, their structure, their location, and their functions to better understand how each organ operates within the human body.
Today, there are more advanced lab tests to help doctors classify ALL so they no longer have to rely on just the cell’s characteristics. These new lab tests aid in the grouping of ALL based on the type of lymphocyte the leukemia stems from (B cell or T cell) and how mature the cancer cells are (American Cancer Society, 2013)54.... ... middle of paper ... ... Diseases & Conditions - Medscape Reference.
...ll human organs and the systems that they belong to. "This would be the most revolutionary type of alternative, especially for human related experiments"().
In 1849, he completed his studies of cell growth and reproduction of their division into two cells. He concluded that every cell comes from an already existing cell. A prolific writer, his scientific writings alone crossed 2,000 in number. Among his books, “Cellular Pathology” was published in 1858 and is regarded as the root of modern pathology. This work also popularised the third dictum in cell theory: “All cells come from cells”. Virchow was the first to precisely describe and give names of diseases such as leukemia, chordoma, ochronosis, embolism, and thrombosis. He also coined scientific terms, chromatin, agenesis, parenchyma, osteoid, amyloid degeneration, and spina
Medical laboratory technologists, also known as histotechnologists, work in a laboratory environment diagnosing diseases, doing research, or instructing others. Histotechnologists detect tissue abnormalities and treatments for the diseases causing the abnormalities, a vital role in the allied health profession. Histotechnologists prepare very thin slices of human, animal, or plant tissue in order to examine it using a microscope. This is considered one of the most important parts of the complicated process of medical investigation used to establish and confirm a diagnosis.
Beckman DXH Hematology analyzers that believe it or not will do the cell count on a