Heterocyclic compounds contain a wide range of applications. They are predominant among the type of compounds used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, veterinary products, corrosion inhibitors, optical brightening agents and additives with a variety of other functions.1 Also, many dyestuffs and pigments have heterocyclic structures.2 The structural assortment and biological importance of nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur containing heterocyclic derivatives have created them attractive targets for synthesis over many years. They are found in various natural products and have been recognized as products of chemical and biological importance.
Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are one of the most used frameworks for medicines, food flavorings, dyes, rubber chemicals and adhesives.3 For example, pyridine a nitrogen containing compound is an integral part of agrochemicals,4-9 preparative organic chemistry,10 and in coordination chemistry.11 In addition to these, nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are perfect scaffold for building libraries of drug-like compounds, and to create libraries of inhibitors of HIV-1 protease.12-14 Similarly, fused nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds have a long and distinguished history starting from the days of their invention as important constituents of nucleic acid to their current use in the chemotherapy of AIDS. Further to this, fusion of pyrimidine moiety, cyclic ethers and oxabicyclic compounds with other
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Planning and executing a clinical trial is becoming extremely rigorous process involving several procedures, larger data collection and assessment of eligibility criteria for study enrolment. For example, the average form used to collect data for every patient expanded in length by 227% between 2000 and 2011, reflecting the growing challenges of conducting clinical
This week’s lab was the third and final step in a multi-step synthesis reaction. The starting material of this week was benzil and 1,3- diphenylacetone was added along with a strong base, KOH, to form the product tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The product was confirmed to be tetraphenylcyclopentadienone based of the color of the product, the IR spectrum, and the mechanism of the reaction. The product of the reaction was a dark purple/black color, which corresponds to literature colors of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The tetraphenylcyclopentadienone product was a deep purple/black because of its absorption of all light wavelengths. The conjugated aromatic rings in the product create a delocalized pi electron system and the electrons are excited
... clinical trial comparing two treatments is in progress, and a physician has an opinion about which treatment is better. This duty creates a barrier to the enrollment of patients in randomized clinical trials.
Bibliography "Sodium Bicarbonate" American Heritage Dictionary and Electronic Thesaurus (1985) 21: 347 "Acids and Bases" Science Activities Winter 95, Vol. 31 issue 4, p28. McCarthy, E. Jerome Basic Chemistry Homewood Illinois: Irwin-Dorsey, 1968.
...Coauthor, ChemBioChem 2006, 7, 1-10; b) A. Author, B. Coauthor, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 1-5; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 1-5.))
The reaction of (-)-α-phellandrene, 1, and maleic anhydride, 2, gave a Diels-Alder adduct, 4,7-ethanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione, 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-5-methyl-8-(1-methylethyl), 3, this reaction gave white crystals in a yield of 2.64 g (37.56%). Both hydrogen and carbon NMR as well as NOESY, COSY and HSQC spectrum were used to prove that 3 had formed. These spectroscopic techniques also aided in the identification of whether the process was attack via the top of bottom face, as well as if this reaction was via the endo or exo process. These possible attacks give rise to four possible products, however, in reality due to steric interactions and electronics only one product is formed.
Patlak, M., Nass, S. J., & National Cancer Policy Forum (U.S.), Institute of Medicine (U.S.) (2008). Improving the quality of cancer clinical trials: Workshop summary. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press.
Frey, Regina F., and Maureen J. Donlin. "Chemistry 257." Olfaction Tutorial. Washington University, 1998. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
There are varying standards of science when it comes to evaluating and judging the efficacy and progress of each branch of science. With the Randomized Control Study being the gold standard for medical care and the estimated 16,000 of these studies being published yearly,2 it is of the utmost importance to all practitioners of medicine to be educated in and be able to use EBM. The physician assistant discipline of medicine is no stranger to the utilization of EBM as it has been a growing par...
When caring for patients it is fundamentally important to have a good selection of up to date evidence Based Practice clinical articles to support research strategies, this allows professionals to assemble the most resent and accurate information known which enables them to make decisions tailored to the individual’s plan of care. It is essential to have clinical expertise and have the involvement from the individual patient, they must have full engagement and incorporation in order to have the accurate evaluation.
A major hurdle in this academic career that I hope to have is going to be the lack of expertise in the designing, implementation and evaluation of clinical trials.
Clinical trial is biomedical or health related research studies in human being that follow a pre-defined protocol. Research is an activity designed to test a hypothesis that helps in concluding and developing knowledge. It is a protocol that has an objectives and procedures to reach those objectives (1). There are two types of clinical studies. One is interventional studies in which the research subjects are assigned by the investigator to a treatment or other intervention, and their outcomes are measured. Second is an observational study in which individuals are observed and their outcomes are measured by the investigators.
1. Brown, Theodore L., H. Eugene LeMay Jr., Bruce E. Bursten. Chemistry: The Central Science. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2000.
J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers. Organic Chemistry. 8th ed. 2007, Oxford University Press, p. 1186-1191.
One of the most important uses of organic compounds is in medicine. All living things have four organic molecules - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Without carbon chains and nucleic acids, DNA would not exist. Enzymes which produce chemica...
For centuries, many scientists and researchers have pondered on the idea of combining two or more substances together to create something new. These explorations have led to the idea of what kind of reactions would occur when diverse elements are combined. This is a concept known as chemistry, a part of science that corresponds with how matter is created from different properties and the process it goes through to create a new substance. Chemistry is a scientific concept that is used in everyday life and is a crucial part in the development of new technology and substances that allow today’s quality of life. The use of chemistry branches off into many different routes, including medical related fields, agriculture, and even in weapons of