Figure 2. 1. Fly ash collection Source: Thomas (2007). Shetty (2005) notes that the pozzolanic property of fly ash makes it a resource for making cement and other ash based products. The Geo-technical properties of bottom ash, pond ash & coarse fly ash allow it to use in construction of embankments, structural fills, reinforced fills low lying area development etc. (NTPC, 2013). The physic chemical properties of pond ash is similar to soil and it contains P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mo and Fe, etc. which are essential nutrients for plant growth. These properties enable it to be used as a soil amender & source of micronutrients in agriculture or soil amendment. The major utilization areas of fly ash are the manufacture of Portland pozzolana cement & performance improver in ordinary cement (OPC) (Thomas, 2007). They also play a role in the part replacement of OPC in cement …show more content…
Equation 2. 4. Tetracalcium alumino ferrite reaction with water 4CaO.〖Al〗_2 O_3.〖Fe〗_2 O_3 + 6H_2 O 3CaO.〖Al〗_2 O_3.6H_2 O + CaO.〖Fe〗_2 O_3 Tetracalcium alumino ferrite + water calcium aluminate hydrates + calcium ferrite The above reactions suggest that during the hydration process of cement, lime is produced and remains surplus in the hydrated cement. This leaked surplus lime renders deleterious effect to the concrete such as make the concrete porous, give chance to the development of micro-cracks, weakening the bond with aggregates and thus affect the durability of concrete. HOW FLY ASH REACTS WITH CEMENT
On December 22, 2008 in Roane County, Tennessee, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Fossil Plant had a dike rupture releasing more the 5.4 million cubic yards of coal ash into the Emory River. There were no recorded deaths or serious injuries , but the surrounding ecosystem was affected severely. The ash slurry contained heavy metals such as arsenic, barium, chromium, mercury, nickel and many more, all of which were released directly into water the ways. Preliminary tests of drinking water showed that the toxins did not affect it, however later individual organizations tests show high amounts of arsenic and other toxins in the water. Officials say that the discrepancy is due to original water test being done before the polluted water had a chance to reach Tennessee Valley Authority, water treatment plant. Authorities claim that the reason for the dam failure was due to the high rain fall and subzero temperatures. However, local residents are saying that they’d observed leakages ever since the plant was opened, as well as...
As racial unrest continues, the barbaric behavior of law enforcement officers, long feared by civil rights leaders is now a reality. Thus, guns have become instruments of death and devastation, in cities across the U.S. Case in point: The March 18 murder of Stephon Clark, a 22-year-old Black man shot by Sacramento police officers in his grandparents’ backyard.
Besides the known inventions and renovations of the Roman Empire, one of the building materials that the Roman Empire produced was concrete. With its strength, inexpensiveness and its easiness to work, the Roman Empire left an everlasting impact. Concrete that is a mixture of aggregate, which is usually gravel, sand or small stones, binding agents, and water is used to construct buildings and infrastructure. The first one, aggregate, gives the product its mass while the second one, binding agents, is used to harden the product. In the early times of the history, limestone powder was usually used as a binding agent in the mixture. The Romans later used “pulvis puteolanus” (pozzolanic ash), which was a fine volcanic ash as a binding agent and it allowed Romans to have strong concrete that is also durable (Yegeul, n.d.). It was easy to use
Death – the mystifying master of non-discrimination; something that touches all of humanity in the most melancholic ways. Typically as a whole, instead of embracing our inevitable demise, society fears death. Society is what makes death “mystifying”. Despite the fear of the unknown, people often have questions about death – yet most people don’t like to talk about it, let alone be around it willingly. Furthermore, very few people actually pursue their questions and/or curiosities about death. Those who do are a rare few that we can’t help but question their choices sometimes. In her memoir, “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes: And Other Lessons from the Crematory”, Caitlin Doughty recounts the early beginnings of her fascination of all things macabre, as well as career as a mortician with a lighthearted – yet dark – humorous view that somehow lifts the veil of death and what happens to “us” (i.e. our bodies) after death, as well as the practices of morticians and funeral homes.
ash was boiled for 5 minute with 25ml distilled water by covering the crucible with a watch-glass on water bath then cooled. The watch-glass was rinsed with 5 ml of distilled water and this liquid was added in to the crucible. The % of remaining content was deducted from initial % of ash taken (i.e. 100%) to determine the water soluble ash value.
At the atomic level, a small gap is left between slabs of concrete because on a hot day, the atoms that make up the concrete slab will get more energized due to the heat. When an atom gets energized, it starts moving faster and taking up more space. This causes the concrete slab to expand, until it closes gap. When the concrete slab starts cooling down, it will contract, leaving the gap opened once agian. If a gap was not created, during a hot day, the concrete slab will have no space for the exapnsion to happen without damage caused, and so, it will get damged and it can damage its surroundings. This process of the expanding and contracting concrete
The removal and disposal of ash from highways, roads, buildings, and airport runways were monumental tasks for some eastern Washington communities. In addition, the cost of removing ash amounted to $.2.2 million lasting 10 weeks to clean up the ash in Yakima. Landfills and quarries were utilized to urgently extract ash primarily from routes used for transportation and civil works.
The same amount of ash (Agnihotra / non-Agnihotra) was shaken without soil in 25 ml water for 48 hours. It resulted that Agnihotra-ash increase the amount of extractable Phosphorus in soil; this effect was also generated with a non- Agnihotra-ash, which was produced without chanting a mantra, and not at sunrise or sunset. It was particularly strong when the non-Agnihotra ash was produced in a copper pyramid. (Kratz & Schnug, 2007).
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
There we were involved in research work to test the influence and use of different type of Geo-synthetic materials in soil and tested the properties of soil by conducting various tests like Compaction Test , Triaxial shear strength test , oven dry test under the mentorship of Manish Gupta (S.R.O) and Dr. R. Chitra (C.R.O).
Factor that can influence the strength and durability of concrete are weathering action, chemical attack and any process of deterioration and the main factor influence strength and durability of permeability are can be because of the uses of the admixture of the concrete.
Soil washing is one of the most suitable ex-situ remediation techniques that have been used for the treatment of soils contaminated with heavy metals, hydrocarbons and semi-volatile organic compounds. The hazardous contaminants can be removed from soil by washing the soil with a liquid (often with a chemical additive), scrubbing the soil, and then separating the clean soils from contaminated soil and wash water. The concept of soil washing is based on the theory that contaminants are prone to bind to fine grained soils which in turn are prone to bind to coarse grained soils. Soil properties, contaminant-related parameters and process parameters are the factors that affecting soil washing. The objective of soil washing is to separate these contaminated fines (silts and clays) and wash water from the
Soil is a complex medium consists of many chemical and minerals, but to ease understanding on this study, soil can be referred as combination of solid mineral and organic particles and pore. Pores allow air and water to move in between soil particles. Compaction and force applied on top of soil cause reduction in pore volume. As an example, frequent road used by tractor have less pore compare to un touch soil.
Phytoextraction is the uptake and storage of pollutants in the plants stem or leaves. Some plants, called hyperaccumulators, draw pollutants through the roots. After the pollutants accumulate in the stem and leaves the plants are harvested. Then plants can be either burned or sold. Even if the plants cannot be used, incineration and disposal of the plants is still cheaper than traditional remediation methods. As a comparison, it is estimated a site containing 5000 tons of contaminated soil will produce only 20-30 tons of ash (Black, 1995). This method is particularly useful when remediating metals. Some metals are also being recycled from the ash.
Composts such as eggshells provide micro nutrients like calcium, (Silven, 2010) while there are composts that do not serve any nutritional benefits, like pulp made from soaked paper pieces, which has a pro of providing efficient mulching, which is able to prevent weeds from spreading or even growing in the area of mulching. (Alton G. Campbella, 2013) Another compost that provides a mulching capability but also provides a nutritional benefit is coco peat. The structure and texture of the coco peat allows prevention of weeds from growing in the area, due to its tangled-like form. With a layer of coco peat above it, it is also harder for weeds to grow towards the sunlight. It is also able to hold the soil well with the water holding properties which can help with plant structure. Coco peat is also derived from the husks of coconut shells, which is rich in fibre, thus also providing nutrients to the plants and also allows good water retention. (B.,