3.3.3 Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is referred to that type of research design, which is concerned with dealing with a problem that is not clearly defined and is intended to be exploring the research questions. It helps in giving the study a new angle or looking from a new theoretical perspective to measure something. Moreover, the research mostly focuses on secondary research that is reviewed literature or data that is available; qualitative approach is also used in this. Furthermore, the prime objective of exploratory research is to identify key variables and key issues. However, the research enables the researcher to focus on broader perspective along with providing definite answers to specific research questions. Nevertheless,
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Interviews include Unstructured, Semi-Structured, and Structured interviews. The Unstructured interviews are in-depth interviews. This type of interview enables the holistic understanding of interviewee’s situation and point of view (Dawson, 2002). On the other hand, Semi Structured interviews are the most common in which specific questions are asked but response is detailed. Moreover, it is usually used in a qualitative research (Dawson, 2002). While structured interviews are fixed questions, in which respondents have to tick boxes. It is used frequently, especially in market research (Dawson, 2002).
Questionnaires on the other hand comprise of closed ended, Open ended and mixed questionnaire approach of data collection. The closed ended questionnaires are used in quantitative research for large sample to generate statistics (Dawson, 2002). While the open ended questionnaire is mainly used in a qualitative research so that a brief account of the response are noted for the purpose of the research and the mixed approach is the blend of both closed and open ended questionnaires (Dawson, 2002)
The Secondary data collection method is associated with the data, which has been observed, and analyzed in the previous researches. In this, data collection method, data is obtained from different books, journal articles, and reports (Kottner, Jan, Gefen, & Lahmann, 2011).
3.5 Research
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Validity and reliability must be mitigated and for this purpose, reliable data will be used. This data will not be biased, as it will be collected from the management of the clubs. Furthermore, complete information about the topic will be provided to the participants. This will increase the reliability and validity of research in the form of effective consequences. There are two types of validity.
Internal Validity: Internal validity refers to the critical measure that ensures the principle of cause and effect being strictly followed in research design (Gramatica, 2007).
External Validity: External validity refers to see the generalization ability of the study as well as settings, population and variables used in the study.
However, in order to conduct this study authentic sources are used to ensure reliability. In essence, an assessment tool produces consistent and stable results to the degree (Badke, 2004).
3.7 Ethical concerns
As an idea, ethics means as a complex arrangement of qualities, measures and institutional plans that help constitute and direct scientific action. Eventually, research ethics is a codification of morals of science practically speaking. As such, it is taking into account general morals of science, generally as general morals is in view of conventional ethical quality (Nesh,
The sampling procedures that can be utilized in evaluation research is vast. The selected sampling procedure is important in the consideration of external validity. External validity generalizes the findings to individuals in the study sample with characteristics that are alike (DiClemente et al., 2013). Although, not all research studies will require a sampling procedure that would deliver an external validity.
Internal validity, unlike external and construct validity, deals with causal relationships. In other words, the question is whether any additional research that is found is actually associated with the study that is being conducted. The question, again, is whether we can be confident that the outcome of the study is a result of the experiment itself. What this means is that internal validity is the extent to which a change in a given variable is caused by the change in another variable.
However, both characteristics of reliability and validity are important and can be used in many studies, such as the self-rating and other- ratings of daily behavior. Reliability refers to the internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, test-retest, and standardized scoring. In other words reliability means that study scores have to be constant with repeatability of the findings. Validity also refers to convergent validity, discriminant validity, and predictive validity. Validity refers to the reliability or credibility of the research. If the findings in a study, reliability and validity are valid they must be reliable.
The quantitative method of research in a study involves the use of queries, and the possibilities for reply have been prearranged (book). This method of research has the need for the use of a huge pool of respondents. The scope in this method of research has a necessity to be hypothetically impartial, in facts and be effective numerically. A random selection method, referred to as sampling, is used due to the huge amount of participants needed. Prior to the beginning of the study, a numerical method is used to govern the number of participants to allow the finding to be withi...
In general, threats to the external validity of a study can be minimized if the researcher has taken steps to insure that the sample, the setting, and the context are representative of the population, setting, and context to which the results are intended to be generalized (Trochim and Donnelly, 2008).
Validity is essentially the degree to which a conception is founded and parallels accurately to the real world. Validity is the tool that measures what the particular research was anticipated to measure (Schmitt & Brown, 2012). There are several different types of validity but the ones that will be discussed in this paper are concurrent and predictive. Concurrent validity is taking an already validated point and testing it with another measurement tool. This means that there was already a hypothesis proven right or wrong and now the researcher will be testing this same hypothesis but will being using another type of tool to see if the result...
Exploration. Exploratory research is used to obtain more information about a specific problem. It tells use the “what” or “why”
I found it very interesting when talking about experimental research how important validity is. There were two types internal validity and external validity. Internal was more about manipulation/controlling and removing any influence of extraneous variables. By doing so the goal is to be assured that any observed differences between groups in the study is attributed only be differences in the independent variable (e.g., treatment, intervention, and instruction) and no other factors. So, my understanding of this concept is basically understanding and verifying that the research was done right. I was wondering if anyone else got the same conclusion and if there are any other important parts to my understanding of internal validity that I am
Internal validity refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor. In other words there is a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variable. External validity is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific research, usually based on experiments as experimental validity. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people. Internal validity refers to the validity of the measurement and test itself, whereas external validity refers to the ability to generalize the findings to the
Internal validity has two components. First, the estimator of the causal effect must be unbiased and consistent. Second, the standard errors of the estimator must be appropriate to conduct a hypothesis test. Threats to internal validity include omitted variable bias, functional
Reliability and validity are reliant on what is being measured and so they are likely to be affected, depending on context and purpose of the measurement. Taking this into consideration, the aim of this study was to develop an effective measure, with an acceptable internal reliability.
In research, reliability refers to the how consistent an instrument measures an outcome for a specific study. In other words, if a person takes the same anxiety test on several different occasions and the results are consistent, the anxiety test is deemed reliable. Researchers use four different methods to test reliability: test-retest reliability, alternate-forms reliability, interrater reliability, and homogeneity or internal consistency reliability (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015, p. 289). Test-retest reliability involves administering a tool “to the same person or a group of people, in the same way, on two or more different occasions, hours or days apart” (Vaz, Flakmer, Passmore, Parsons, & Andreou, 2013, para. 2). If the results do not change between the administrations, then the test is considered reliable. Alternate forms
The research carried on both quantitative approach and qualitative approach. It began with quantitative approach—questionnaire. Bryman and Bell (2003) asserted that mail or postal questionnaires are most popular forms of questionnaires. Another form—self-completion questionnaire was also common because of the overlap with postal questionnaire to some extent.
#4. Internal validity refers to the correctness of the research inferences concerning the cause and effect while external validity involves ability to generalize findings of the study to the other settings (Cozby & Bates, 2012, p. 69). These are important because threats to the internal validity of experimental procedures affect the researcher’s ability to make a valid conclusion “from the data about the population in an experiment” (Creswell, 2014; p. 174). Also, threat to external validity of the study will influence the ability to generalize the result of the study “beyond the subjects used for the experiment and beyond the laboratory in which the experiment was conducted” (Jackson, 2012; P.239).
Reliability can be defined as the statistical measurement of how consistent and repetitive a research tool or instrument can measure what it is purported to do (Litwin, 1995, p. 6). Validity on the other hand is the measure of how truly or correctly the tool or instrument can measure what it is designed to do (Miller & Kirk, 1986, p.19). Reliability and validity are asymmetrical, meaning that one can be able to achieve ideal reliability with no validity but with a perfect validity comes a perfect reliability. But theoretically, one cannot be able to achieve a perfect validity as no instrument or tool can perfectly be standardized and no assessment or experiment can be perfectly controlled (Miller & Kirk, 1995, p. 21). Normally, tests on reliability are done but none are done on validity. To assess the reliability and validity of the questions that MADD want to use in their survey, several tests will be run on the questions to evaluate the different types or reliabilities and validity. To establish the validity and reliability of this survey, a pilot survey ...