The main goal of business is to increase shareholders’ profit. To enhance shareholder value a business should follow all the opportunities. To utilize the limited capital in order to increase profit in business capital budgeting techniques is required. Capital budgeting is a long term asset management. According to the definition “The process of analyzing alternative long-term investments and deciding which assets to acquire or sell”. Capital budgeting is an important aspect for the company’s growth and productivity. To avoid company to financial problems capital budgeting is very important. To maximize the value of the company in the future capital budgeting techniques is important. According to Peterson [1] to correctly implement the capital budgeting techniques, following should be required. • Its future cash flow • The degree of uncertainty associated with these future cash flows • The value of these future cash flows considering their uncertainty. Capital budgeting decisions are difficult because they require predicting events that has not occurred yet. It is risky because the outcome is uncertain, large amount of money are involved, there is a long term commitment in an investment. Managers uses several methods to evaluate capital budgeting. One of them is the time value of money. According to the Time Value of Money (TVM), it is stated that “a dollar today is worth more than a dollar a year from now and vice versa. Therefore, projects that promise earlier returns are preferable to those that promise later returns. The capital budgeting techniques that best recognize the time value of money are those that involve discounted cash flow. There are variety of methods and techniques that a business can use to facilitate capita... ... middle of paper ... ...siness both small and large sized manufacturing business. Any business that invest in any kind of project without understanding the risks and returns involved will results loss of capital and no chance of surviving in the competitive marketplace. Capital budgeting decisions helps to make two important decisions, a financial decision and an investment decision. To develop and formulate long- term strategic goal capital budgeting is much necessary. A capital budgeting process also help to create a set of decision rules that can help the mangers to know how to categorize which project is acceptable and which are not. For capital budgeting decision making the size of the business, level of education, process of capital budgeting are all considered. Even though payback method has lots of disadvantage in capital budgeting process it still remains popular and easier.
Capital Budgeting encourages managers to accurately manage and control their capital expenditure. By providing powerful reporting and analysis, managers can take control of their budgets.
Based on the optimal capital structure analysis, they should pursue as 70% debt proportion, which will give them the lowest cost of capital at 11.58%. Currently Star has no debt in their capital structure, so these new projects should begin to add debt to the company. However, no matter what debt and equity proportions are chosen for each project, the discount rate of 11.58% should be used, as the capital budgeting decisions should be independ...
Seiler. M, (1996) Adverse selection in capital budgeting decision making. Management Research News, 19(8), pp.61-67
Time value of money (TVM) is a monetary concept that is very important to all parts of the financial world. This concept basically says that $100 today is worth more than $100 a year from now (or anytime in the future). Also, an individual should earn some value of compensation for not spending their money. This compensation is essentially called the interest that will be earned on the initial cash. What about when an individual opts to receive money in the future rather than today? That can lead to problems. This is because they are taking a gamble by loaning money- since there is almost always risk in loaning money. A couple of these risks include inflation and default risk. Default risk means that the person who borrowed the money does not repay the money to the person that loaned it. Inflation means that the general prices of products will rise. How does all this work? In theory the person that gets the $100 today could invest it, even at a very low annual percentage rate (APR), and still come out ahead. If they invest it at 2% APR, they would have $102 at the end of one year. Th...
Budgeting Assignment A company's budget serves as a guideline in planning and committing costs in order to meet tactical and strategic goals. Tactical goals such as providing budgetary costs for daily operations, and strategic objectives that include R&D, production, marketing, and distribution are all part of the budgeting process. Serving as a guideline rather than being set in stone, the budget is a snapshot of a manager's "best thinking at the time it is prepared." (Marshall, 2003, p.496)
Furthermore, they must be able to investigate the future evaluating the anticipated revenue and expenses. Lastly, have the knowledge and skill to create a capital budget which includes the ability to communicate justification effectively and cost-benefit analysis (AONE,
Capital budgeting is one of the primary activities of a company. Most of the company uses capital budgeting for decision making process of selecting and evaluating long-term investment. The company have to make a right decision with respect to investment in fixed asset such as purchasing of new equipment and delivery vehicles, constructing additions to buildings and many more. The decision must be right because of the project involve huge amount of cash outflow and it is committed for many years.
Finally, Welch (2008) established from his research that 75% of finance academics recommend using the CAPM for commercial capital budgeting purposes, 10% commend the Fama French model and only 5% recommend an APT model. Therefore, Sharpe and Lintner’s CAPM is a beneficial framework.
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT “More business fails for lack of cash than for want of profit” Efficient management of working capital is one of the pre-conditions for the success of an enterprise. Efficient management of working capital means management of various components of working capital in such a way that an adequate amount of working capital is maintained for smooth running of a firm and for fulfillment of twin objectives of liquidity and profitability. An inadequate amount of working capital impairs the firm’s liquidity. Holding of excess working capital results in the reduction of the profitability. But the proper estimation of working capital actually required, is a difficult task for the management because the amount of working capital varies across firms over the periods depending upon the nature of business, production cycle, credit policy, availability of raw material, etc.
The study by (Suberi et al., 2014) had proven that, the firm financial factors started from their small capital at the start of their business. Imagine a low capital at the start of a business, there will be a low profit and how can the contractors roll back their profit and loss.
Time-phased project work is the basis for project cost control. Work package duration is used to develop the project network. Further, the time-phased budgets for work packages are timetabled to establish fiscal measures for each phase throughout the project. The time-phased budgets are to emulate the real cash needs of the budget, which will be used for project cost control. This information is useful to estimate cash outflows. The project manager's attention is on when the costs are to occur, when the budgeted cost is earned, and when the actual cost materializes. This information is made up to measure project schedule and cost variances (Gray & Larson, 2005). The following are typical types of costs found in a project:
Cash is known as the king in business world. Thus king (cash) should be managed well to be in the business and also to grow financially. Cash management is key to run the business efficiently that will also avoid the bankruptcy. Cash management is all about collecting, managing, investing and disbursement of the cash. A very important and key factor for the company 's stability. Cash management are generally taken care by treasurers of the company or the business managers.
When compared to the physical capital maintenance concept, the financial capital maintenance concept is the better choice for standard setting when distinguishing between a return of capital and a return on capital. The main argument in favor of physical capital maintenance is that it provides information that has better predictive value, confirmatory value, and is more complete. However, due to agency theory, prospect theory, and positive accounting theory, neutrality and completeness under physical capital maintenance would be impaired so gravely that predictive value and confirmatory value become inefficacious. As a result, financial capital maintenance, with its use of historical cost, is able to provide information to decision makers with stronger confirmatory value and predictive value.
It requires an adequate and sound organizational structure, that is, there must be a definite assignment of responsibility for each function of the enterprise. Budgeting compels all the members of management, from the top to bottom to participate in the establishment of goals and plans. Budgeting compels departmental managers to make plans in harmony with the other departments and of the entire enterprise. Budgeting helps the management to put down in figures what is necessary for a satisfactory performance. Budgeting helps the management to plan for the most economical use of labor, material and capital. Budgeting tends to remove the cloud of uncertainty that exists in many organizations, especially among lower levels of management, relative to basic policies and objectives. Budgeting promotes an understanding among members of management of their co-workers' problems. Budgeting force management to give adequate attention to the effects of general business conditions. Budgeting aids in obtaining bank credit as banks commonly require a projection of future operations and cash flows to support
The idea of TVM allows managers or investors the capability to understand the advantages and future cash flow of the cost of an investment or project. TVM is an important concept in financial management. It can be used to compare investment alternatives and to solve problems involving loans, mortgages, leases, savings, and annuities (Getobjects.com, 2004).