THEORETICAL PART 2-1 Building envelope: A building envelope is considered as a physical separator between the unconditioned and conditioned environment of a building including the resistance to heat, light, air, water, and last but not leat noise transfer. The building envelope is aay of climate control to all of the elements of the outer shell that maintain a dry, heated, or cooled indoor environment. Architectural and engineering try to use building envelope design to draw from all areas of building science till indoor climate control. [4] Protection the covered or otherwise conditioned interior spaces from the surrounding environmentis the basic function of the envelope or enclosure of a building or structure. However, as our needs have evolved and also technologies have advanced, the demand placed on architects to both understand, and integrate, a huge range of increasingly complex components, materials, and systems into the building enclosure has increased in equal proportion. This is particularly true when one thinks and considers the emerging threat of terrorism and the effect of that threat on the design and construction of the building envelope. However, despite the recent emphasis on hardening of the building enclosure blast-resistant wall systems and , uncontrolled rainwater penetration and moisture ingress …show more content…
On the other hand, in Egypt, there are a few examples of buildings that utilize vertical greening. The need to practice vertical greening in the Egyptian dense urban environment is huge where Energy supply is mainly dependent on fusel fuel (91%) (ministry of energy and Electricity, 2014). Vertical greening is yet to be common practice
Construction of external and internal load bearing masonry walls up to Damp Proof Course (DPC) level.
The EIFS, a non-load-bearing wall assembly consists of a layer of expanded polystyrene foam adhered to gypsum sheathing. The polystyrene and polyurethane portions of the EIFS panels and trim burned along the building’s parapet, and melting foam ran down the exterior edge of the hotel, starting fires in other EIFS panels. As the fire spread from the center of the west and south wings of the hotel, it also began to burn downward, exposing the windows of the suites on the 32nd floor. When heat caused several windows on the 32nd floor to fail, flames spread into the building. In several of the suites, sprinklers operated, confining the interior fires and allowing suppression forces to extinguish them.
Many people use spray foam insulation to decrease energy costs in homes and commercial buildings. Adding or increasing the insulation in an existing structure can save hundreds of dollars a year in heating and air conditioning bills. Another reason to insulate that is not often considered is to control noise. Insulation in the walls and ceiling can act as a muffler or sound barrier to noise produced by heating and air conditioning units, phones, piping, appliances and radios. A quieter workplace is much nicer to work in than a noisy one. Studies show that quiet conditions increase a worker's efficiency.
The structural system, deriving from the I.B.M. Building in Seattle, is impressively simple. The 208-foot wide facade is, in effect, a prefabricated steel lattice, with columns on 39-inch centres acting as wind bracing to resist all overturning forces; the central core takes only the gravity loads of the building. A very light, economical structure results by keeping the wind bracing in the most efficient place, the outside surface of the building, thus not transferring the forces through the floor membrane to the core, as in most curtain-wall structures. Office spaces will have no interior columns. In the upper floors there is as much as 40,000 square feet of office space per floor. The floor construction is of prefabricated trussed steel, only 33 inches in depth, that spans the full 60 feet to the core, and also acts as a diaphragm to stiffen the outside wall against lateral buckling forces from wind-load pressures.
Whether dealing with any building certain services need to be considered at the design stage to enable occupiers have reasonable conditions and a comfortable working environment. HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems) are used to provide buildings with ‘conditioned air’ which is odourless and fresh, as well as ensuring the temperature, humidity and flow of the air is within a certain comfort range appealing to the occupiers. Figure 1 on page 5 is a diagram which explains a basic design process when designing a heating or ventilation system for a building.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Gowtham shanmugam, Department of Interior Design, School of Building Arts, Savannah College of Art and Design.
In conclusion, the designers and builders of the tower have an undesirable job: creating a building that is functional, modern, sustainable and unique. At the same time it is honoring the memory of the people that died in and around the buildings that stood there before. While the green sustainable features have been criticized for being too expensive, they will do more than save just water, electricity and emissions. They and the grace of the building will inspire a generation of green and safe skyscrapers for the twenty-first century. This building has become one of the safest, environmentally friendly and expensive ever built, but as critics slate the building for various reasons, one cannot take away the determination through political, social and economic status that designers and workers have created such a beautiful building with great meaning.
As a contemporary architect, when a disaster happens, the great need of building new temporary buildings for emergency solving is a great chance for exploration of new material, structure and processes.
Going green in the workplace is a new trend in business. In choosing to go green in the workplace you may be challenged by an elevated initial start-up costs, however savings earned from this investment will more than pay for those initial costs in the future. Many people see this as a controversial issue, and granted it does have its own unique set of pro and cons, but if a business makes careful choices going green can prove to be very rewarding. Companies are doing this to save money on energy expenses as well as deploying it as a means to help reduce the carbon foot-print they are leaving behind.
Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, the health and comfort of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objects of sustainability are to reduce consumption of non-renewable resources, minimal waste, and create healthy, productive environments (“Sustainable Design”). Focusing primarily on the sustainable design principles, there are five, including: low-impact materials, energy efficiency, quality and durability, design for reuse and recycling, and renewability. As sustainability appears to become the necessary trend in architecture, the question concerning the cost versus outcome of “going green” really an investment or a waste of time and money comes to mind. With our research provided below, we believe the expenses may truly be with the investment in the end.
Well-recognized cities worldwide have built over the years great buildings with a variety of designs and concepts however consequently too much building has been making grievous decrease on energy efficiency. Now, “Green Architecture” has been popularized and as a result a modicum of energy efficiency has increased and also it has substantiated a new perspective, a new versatile way on architecture.
Implementation of green concepts has been significant not only in design engineering but also in construction. Therefore the knowledge about green design has been a very important fact for the sustainable development in civil engineering. Concepts such as green buildings, carbon foot print, ecological foot print and LEED rating system have helped to achieve sustainable development for civil engineering
A green building (also referred to as sustainable building or green construction) is a structure that employs an approach that is responsible for the environment besides being efficient in regard to resources all through its life cycle: This is from selecting the site to designing it, constructing, operating, maintaining, renovating and demolishing it. To achieve this, the client, the engineers, the architects and the entire design team closely cooperate at all stages of a project (Yan and Paliniotis, 2006). Practicing Green Building complements and expands the conventional building design areas of comfort, durability, utility and economy.
"Green Building: Advantages & Disadvantages." Green Building: Advantages & Disadvantages. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. .
This module broadens our understanding on the ways in which buildings are constructed and the purpose of choosing materials and structures for buildings. This module is divided into survey, structure, materials and construction. These are taught specifically through lectures, tutorial exercises, drawings and lab test workshops. The lectures were an explanation of the topics in which our knowledge was put into practice by solving and experimenting questions during tutorials and workshops. By the end of the year, we gained great knowledge on the contents of this module by taking part in this structured order of learning and understanding in workshops and tutorials.