“Remediation” means to solve the problem and “Bioremediation” means to solve the problem with the help of biological agents
The term Bioremediation has been introduce to describe the process of removing of toxic waste from environment with the help of microorganisms. Bioremediation is most effective management technique to reduce the contamination of soil and recoveration of contaminated soil. Bioremediation is natural and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment.
Now a day bioremediation is widely accepted technique in world in bioremediation process mainly use of organism, yeast, fungi to clean up the contaminated site
Bioremediation technique generally classified into two way.
1) In –situ bioremediation – In, in –situ process contaminated material are treated at site
2)
Why Bioremediation is need ?
Now a day rapid industrialization is increase all over the world and industrialization and vehicles spilling of oil pipelines are contributing to increase the pollution in nearby environment because of this they will contaminated the lands and water because of oil spilling we will lose agricultural lands and productivity of soil. if it is spill in water it is not recover very early so its dangerous for human and aquatic life.
Bioremediation are most effective management technique for remediate this type of contaminations. Microorganism are very important to remediate the contaminated environment mainly aerobic and anaerobic organism are included in bioremediation process
Aerobic organisms- (in presence of oxygen)-example of aerobic bacteria are reported for the degradation of hydrocarbon is Pseudomonas ,Alcaligens , Sphingomonas , Rodococcus .
Anaerobic organism – in absence of oxygen there is no need for the degradation process.
Mechanism of
The word “remediate” means to solve a problem, so the word “bioremediation” refers to the use of biological organisms to solve an environmental problem. Bacteria, fungi, protists and other microorganisms in a non-polluted environment are constantly breaking down organic matter, and when the soil is polluted, some of the organisms may die, but others will still be able to break down the pollutants. Bioremediation provides organisms that can consume the pollutants with fertilizer, oxygen, and other conditions to encourage the rapid growth of these organisms. They then would be able to break down the organic pollutants at a correspondingly faster rate. There are two general ways in which bioremediation functions. One way is where specific survival conditions of a microorganism living in the soil are enhanced to increase the rate of a pollutant’s degradation. The second way is when specialized microbes are added to degrade the contaminant. This way is less common. For many types of polluted soil, bioremediation provides an excellent method of clean-up, but in some cases the pollutant is toxic even for the microbes. These pollutants include metals such as cadmium or lead, and salts such as sodium chloride. Although it may not work in all cases, bioremediation is considerably easier than other methods because it enhances the functions that the microbes already carry out in the soil. Along with being easier, it can be much less expensive because the soil does not have to be pumped out of the ground for treatment (Environmental Inquiry-Bioremediation). Serratia Marcescens is a bacterium that is commonly used for bioremediation.
This research method is called pump and treat. It is a very popular method for cleaning up contaminated groundwater. By proceeding with pump and treat, adding cleaning wells will be necessary. Groundwater is then pumped through these wells and will go into a holding tank so the process can begin. The pumping process helps so that no contaminant can reach drinking wells and public water use. This treatment may require several different cleanup methods if groundwater contaminants are
2) is the ratio between the uptake of the chemicals from food and their clearance. Bio-magnification is also called Bio-amplification. It is simply the increase in concentration of a substance in a food chain, not an organism (Sijm et al., 1992). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are compound that bio-magnify. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment. These substances bio-accumulate through the food web and pose risk not only to humans but also other living organisms because of their adverse effects. These pollutants consist of pesticides (such as DDT), industrial chemicals (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) and unintentional by-products of industrial processes (such as dioxins and furans). In essence, bio-magnification is similar to bioaccumulation but is descriptive of higher level biological processes, not individual. DDT has a half-life of 15 years, which means if you use 100 kg of DDT; it will break down as
Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) is a wastewater treatment method that provides as smart alternative to the conventional primary treatment. It can also be used as a proficient preliminary step of the biological secondary treatment processes. CEPT embraces coagulation and flocculation, and it accomplishes remarkable increases in the pollutants removal from the influent (Ødegaard, 1989; Rashed et al., 1997; Ayoub et al., 2013; Rashed et al., 2013a; Rashed et al., 2013b). Chemical precipitation is the technique of CEPT process, the main idea of chemical precipitation that it converts soluble substances to insoluble particles, which can be flocculated and separated from the liquid. Removal efficiencies depend on mixing times, mixing
Human activity can influence the quality of our water in the environment. Sewage is a major problem because billions of people are disposing of waste. Although, there has been an improvement on being able to obtain clean water, yet little has been done on upgrading the global sanitation. Sewage disposal has an immediate effect on people’s environment and leads to water related illnesses such as; diarrhea and cholera.
Microbial decomposition releases nutrients into the environment that are needed by other organisms. Microbes are also involved in the cycling of many other important compounds in — and between — ecosystems, including oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. Many microbes use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide to oxygen, which we need to breathe. As they do this, they create new organic material — themselves — which are then eaten by other organisms. In this way, the cycling of nutrients and energy
There are several types of treatment methods present but biological treatment methods have gained much traction in the recent years due to their low operation costs, comparatively benign effects on the environment and their ease of handling and maintenance. Biological wastewater treatment methods can be subcategorized into dispersed growth systems and attached growth systems. Biofilms fall under the latter category (Sehar & Naz, 2016)
Activate sludge system: Using natural biological such bacteria in which they help to remove contaminant.
Margesin R, Ha¨mmerle M, Tscherko D. 2007. Microbial activity and community composition during bioremediation of diesel-oil-contaminated soil: effects of hydrocarbon concentration, fertilizers, and incubation time. Microbial Ecology 53: 259-269.
Environmental pollution produces bacteria which results as diseases and disorders in humans, animals, agricultural plantations. The process of pollution occurs when toxins are released into the ground water from landfill sites, this pollution stays in the environment for hundreds of years, while they break dow...
This review shows the pros and cons of using the combination of various technologies for industrial wastewater treatment plant. Rapid industrialization, intensive agriculture and other human activities cause soil degradation, pollution and lowers the productivity and sustainability of the crops that further increase the pressure on natural resources and contribute to their degradation. Environmental bioremediation is an effective management tool for managing the polluted environment and in restoring the contaminated soil. The use of microbial sources, coupled with advanced technology is one of the most promising and economic strategies for the removal of environmental pollutants. There is a strong scientific growth with both the in situ
Bioaccumulation is the slow process of increasing chemical content in a living organism over time. This happens either because the chemical is taken up faster than it can be used. It is also because the chemical cannot be broken down for use by the organism. Compounds that are harmful to health, such as mercury, can accumulate in living tissues of organism. Contamination with mercury is a good example of the bioaccumulation process. Usually, mercury is taken up by phytoplankton and bacteria. Small fish consume the phytoplankton and bacteria and accumulate the mercury. The small fish are in turn consumed by larger fish, which can become food for humans and animals. The result can be the buildup of large concentrations of mercury in human and
The word biodegradable is a term used to describe materials or items that are friendly to the environment and are considered organic materials. These organic materials decompose back into the soil as nutrients and help minimize waste and pollution. “Organic materials “biodegrade” when they are broken down by other living organisms (such as fungi, bacteria, or other microbes) into their constituent parts, and in turn recycled by nature as the building blocks for new life. The process can occur aerobically (with the aid of oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). Substances break down much faster under aerobic conditions, as oxygen helps break the molecules apart, a process called oxidation.” (Talk). Biodegradation has many factors that determine the rate at which organic compounds breakdown.
Traditional methods for cleaning up contaminated sites such as dig and haul, pump and treat, soil venting, air sparging and others are generally harmful to habitats. Some methods strip the soil of vital nutrients and microorganisms, so nothing can grow on the site, even if it has been decontaminated. Typically these mechanical methods are also very expensive. Most of the remediation technologies that are currently in use are very expensive, relatively inefficient and generate a lot of waste, to be disposed of.
Detritus feeders are bacteria that play a vital role in the decomposition of the organism and its faeces. For microorganisms to carry out decomposition they require aerobic condition, to respire and produce energy. The organic molecules from decomposition are released back into the ...