CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL Concrete is most widely used construction material in the world. The rapid growth of industrialization gave birth to numerous kinds of waste by-products which are environmentally hazard and creates problems of storage. Always, construction industry has been at forefront in consuming these waste products in large quantities of fly ash comes from most of the industries by replacing to the cement can decreases the environment pollution. In the global warming efforts are on to reducing the emission of CO2 as well as replacing cement with a material of pozzolanic characteristics, such as the fly ash, the cement and the concrete industry together can meet the growing demand in the construction industry as well as help in reducing
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The ways of fly ash utilization include (approximately in order of decreasing importance):
The fly ash is a waste by-product of a byproduct of the combustion of pulverized coal in electric power generating plants. Hence they are some of the existing system of disposal of fly ash utilization for the ecology usage of the fly ash in civil engineering construction.
Fly ash can successfully be used for the following purposes:
a) Landfills: Fly ash can be used in embankments, in low lying lands and dumping yards as fill.
b) Roads and pavements:
Fly ash can very well be utilized as part replacement of cement in concrete without hampering the strength and it will save about 20% to 30% cost of cement in bearing course.
c) Soil stabilization:
Fly ash can be very effectively used in place of cement. It in fact imparts strength to soil. Side slopes can be very well protected if soil is mixed with fly ash.
d) Mass concrete:
Use of fly ash in mass concrete offers good corrosion resistance in sulphate attack. Replacement of a portion of cement with fly ash controls expansion of concrete.
e) Pre-cast building
On December 22, 2008 in Roane County, Tennessee, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Fossil Plant had a dike rupture releasing more the 5.4 million cubic yards of coal ash into the Emory River. There were no recorded deaths or serious injuries , but the surrounding ecosystem was affected severely. The ash slurry contained heavy metals such as arsenic, barium, chromium, mercury, nickel and many more, all of which were released directly into water the ways. Preliminary tests of drinking water showed that the toxins did not affect it, however later individual organizations tests show high amounts of arsenic and other toxins in the water. Officials say that the discrepancy is due to original water test being done before the polluted water had a chance to reach Tennessee Valley Authority, water treatment plant. Authorities claim that the reason for the dam failure was due to the high rain fall and subzero temperatures. However, local residents are saying that they’d observed leakages ever since the plant was opened, as well as...
such as clay, shale, or blast-furnace slag. Either a dry or a wet process is
Besides the known inventions and renovations of the Roman Empire, one of the building materials that the Roman Empire produced was concrete. With its strength, inexpensiveness and its easiness to work, the Roman Empire left an everlasting impact. Concrete that is a mixture of aggregate, which is usually gravel, sand or small stones, binding agents, and water is used to construct buildings and infrastructure. The first one, aggregate, gives the product its mass while the second one, binding agents, is used to harden the product. In the early times of the history, limestone powder was usually used as a binding agent in the mixture. The Romans later used “pulvis puteolanus” (pozzolanic ash), which was a fine volcanic ash as a binding agent and it allowed Romans to have strong concrete that is also durable (Yegeul, n.d.). It was easy to use
Coal Combustion Residue, or coal sludge, is the byproduct of burning coal in order to make energy. It is a combination of fly ash, bottom ash, coal slag, and flue gas. According to the watchdog group “sourcewatch.org” the ...
- Utilization of ash waste of coal-fired power plants for production of building materials and other industries in order to reduce the waste dump area for the thermal power plants projects in accordance with the regulations. / > - Full implementation of monitoring, monitoring, measurement and management of environmental indicators ; Inspect and supervise the implementation of the environmental protection regulations of the power sector. - Effectively implement the power saving program, improve efficiency in the manufacturing sector. export, transmission, distribution and use of electricity.
REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL GENERAL CONTRACTING Cement Production Plant Environmental Impact Study in Page Table of Contents 2 1. PROJECT SUMMARY 3 a.
Throughout the construction industry, technology plays a role to help ease the completion of a project to all of the parties involved. The amount of technology application in the industry supports the belief that technology has a positive impact on project productivity. One of the main materials used in the construction industry that surrounds us every day, in which we overlook, is concrete. Concrete is an art form, in which it takes time and talent in order for it to be used efficiently, to produce its high strength and longevity. However, the downfall of this material is that it is extremely costly and nearly impossible to form it to an aesthetically pleasing surface. In spite of this, what if I told you that there is hope? That the dream of a material made of concrete, producing the same qualities, can be formed to any shape, and used anywhere was a reality.
Nowadays, it will not be inept to inform that the universe is going over a construction boom. In truth, in the past few decades an entire affair of construction has altered dramatically like all other aspects of life. Currently, construction is no more just about keeping one brick above the other, but a diverse more than that. With the present scenario, the construction work encompasses all the aspects of construction like, performance, optimization, developing and designing. As an outcome, construction chemicals have become an essential part of the world construction industry. These chemicals are typically utilized to impart different properties into the layout.
The strength developed by portland cement depends on its composition and the fineness to whi...
There is a lot of waste products in the layer of slag that is formed
Cement is a finely ground compound of limestone and clay or marl (Chandigarh, 2001). It is used in hydraulic binding since it hardens and binds together aggregates and becomes waterproof thereafter. The most popular use of sand is in building and construction where it is used to bind sand and gravel to obtain concrete used in constructing houses, roads, water channels, among others. Yanbu Cement company produces different types of cement such as Portland cement types I, II, III and IV.
Waste incineration units produce a lot of carbon dioxide gas approximately around one third of the greenhouse gasses. It also impacts people’s health as they get exposed to the toxic emissions by breathing in the air or consuming contaminated food and water. Additionally, when the garbage gets burnt by the incinerators they end up as ashes which are then emitted from the chimneys, including the toxic materials and end up in specialist landfill sites for hazardous waste.
In the present techno-economic era, the energy and environmental crises developed due to huge amount of cellulosic materials disposed as “waste”. Globally, the estimated quantity of the waste generation was 12 billion tons in a year 2002 of which 11 billion tons were industrial wastes and 1.6 billion tons were municipal solid waste. About 90 billion tons solid wastes will expected to be generated annually by the year 2025. Annually, Asia alone generates 4.4 billion tons of solid wastes and municipal solid waste comprises 790 million tons of which about 48 million tons are generated in India.
Burning waste is not good at all for human health. It’s disturbing smell cause by burning plastic, rubber and some other artificial object can cause lot of trouble...
Sustainable concrete materials and sustainable steel reinforcement have been introduced to civil engineers to get closer to the sustainable development. Sustainable buildings constructed with use of these materials have shown an increased service life and the final cost has been reduced due to them.