In order to minimize the required landing distance, landing is done at the lowest possible speed. However, landing speed should always be greater than the stall speed (Vs), which is the minimum steady flight speed for which the aircraft is still controllable. Unlike small aircraft, large commercial jets must flare prior to touch-down in order to reduce the landing speed.
Chapter 9
Weight and Balance
9.1 Introduction
Aircraft weight and balance is one of the important aspects in airline operations. Normally the task of taking care of weight and balance is done within several departments, such as flight operations, engineering and maintenance, and flight services. The process starts with designing the aircraft, where weight and balance base line is laid out. Engineering and maintenance department within the airline is responsible for weighing in-service aircraft, especially when it enters service. The aircraft must be weighed using a system of three jacks, where the purpose is to find both the
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Weight and balance engineers at the operations department build upon the figures obtained from the engineering department. They add operating items to the basic figures and come up with the operating weight and CG. They also design the documents and the automatic system that calculates the effect of passengers and cargo on the weight and CG of the aircraft. This data is provided to the passenger services department that uses the data to prepare for each flight. Prior to the flight, the weights and CGs of the passengers, cargo, and fuel are added to the operating weights. The final weight and CG is used by the flight crew to calculate critical parameters such as engine thrust, takeoff speeds, and aircraft trim setting, and that is to guarantee a safe and efficient flight. When loading an aircraft, the priority is given to passengers, then luggage, then
... while weighing the reactants would try and avoid letting the reagents get in contact with apparatus that may not be necessary so as to avoid loss of some the substance and this way the exact mass would be achieved.
Montealgre, Ramiro, H. J. Nelson, Carin I. Knoop, and Lynda M. Applegate. BAE Automated Systems (A): Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System. Rep. no. 9-396-311. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 1996. Print.
It’s been said that, “A pilot’s second greatest thrill is flying. Landing is the first.” Without a doubt, while flying around may be fun, it’s not worth it if the pilot can’t land the plane safely. Flight schools spend approximately 50 percent of ground school time going over landing procedures with soon-to-be pilots. The process is not all that complicated, but every step in the process is important and there is a lot to remember.
All you need to know about the role physics plays in the flight of an aircraft.
Every airline has its own department it can be management, operations, air traffic controls, dispatch, and ramp operations. The main important aspect in this job is the operations, which contains dispatch and pilots that are the tools of their jobs. The association is the...
Nearly all pilots have experienced a strange phenomenon during landing. While everything is happening as it should during decent, a 'cushion' of air gets trapped below the wing during the last few meters to the runway. This throws off the rate of decent and can be dangerous if the pilot has already begun to flare up and decelerate for landing. This means the plane would climb again while slowing down, which would easily lead to a stall.
Most of us see aviation as a means of transportation and an alternate mode of travel. Boeing’s businesses are clearly doing one of the things that core businesses are suppose to do. They are making lots of cash. For many years Boeing has been the leader, earning an average cash flow of a billion dollars or more each year. This gives lots of options to maximize shareholders values. This company just seems to have lots of outside areas of interest too. Maybe you’re bored sitting around the house and had a craving for some pizza. Did you ever wonder how it’s stays so hot in twenty minutes after the drive leaves the restaurant? It’s the space-age thermal incubator, one of the many things the food industry acquired from Boeing space and communication program. There were two events that made a significant change in the history of modern aviation. The Wright Brother’s first flight and William Boeing, born October 1, 1881 in Detroit, Michigan. He was the founder, owner, President, and Chairman of the board from 1916-1934. He took advantage, in 1903, of small risky ventures and made a big financial gain. He lived until 1956 long enough to see the company go into the jet age.
The concept of flight is typically thought to be synonymous with birds, so much so that it would be a surprise to most people to learn that there are currently about 11 known families of extant birds that do not have the ability to fly (McCall). Of these 11 families, there are about 98 species that are either still living or have gone extinct in the past few decades (McCall). Another surprising fact regarding flightless birds is that flightlessness as a trait did not appear suddenly among any flying vertebrates; they all took millions of years to fly (Paul). All flightless birds belong to the class Aves, which itself belongs to the phylum Chordata and the kingdom Animalia (Flightless Birds). Within the class Aves there is a superorder known as Palaeognathae, which includes most flightless birds (University of California Museum of Paleontology). Examples of well-known Paleognathe birds include ostriches and kiwis (University of California Museum of Paleontology). This group is further divided into two groups, the tinamiformes and the ratites (University of California Museum of Paleontology). Flightless birds that are not found in superorder Palaeognathae are classified as Neognathae, another superorder which includes penguins, puffins and rails (University of California Museum of Paleontology). In literature all of these birds are often referred to as flightless, terrestrial species or aquatic species. It is generally accepted that although these bird species do not fly now, they did all came from an ancestor that did fly at some point (The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Foundation). It is also worth noting that flightlessness can be observed on a short time scale, as a rapid evolution rather than one taking thousands...
The aviation industry is very difficult to enter, and the threat of new entrants is low. The first and major threat to entry is the initial capital requirements. The development period is over 5 years, with very large initial investment costs, parts costs, and wages are necessary even before the company earn revenues and sell aircrafts. The economies of scale, when the airline company has a substantial order, there are reduction in cost because of discounts on large orders. The new entrant suffers a significant cost, which is a disadvantage compared to established companies. Another risk for the new entrant, the extra supply of products for the substantial order, will decrease prices. The result, the new entrant will
Boeing has been an industry titan when it comes to aerospace engineering and it is shown why in the Strengths quadrant of the above SWOT analysis. Boeing has a large market share, offers a wide variety of products, is a global supplier, and has been a leading technology producer for years. As of 2015, Boeing was sporting a market share of 45% (Forbes, 2015) and is projected to hold that market share. There are hundreds of companies in the aerospace industry and Boeing takes up nearly half of the entire market. One of the key reasons Boeing has such a large market share is the wide range of products and services they offer. Boeing offers five families of commercial aircraft (each of which has several variations of the parent aircraft), freight
Weight is one of the opposing forces to lift. From Newton's second law, the weight of an object is the magnitude of the force of gravity on that object.
The scope of new baggage management arrangement is obvious for the number of apparatus and constituents installed. This project can be considered as highly complex because it resolved the problem of slow transportation within the airport as well as the associated flights. They could rapid ally transport the baggage even under the inclement weather conditions. The numbers below depicts the actual functionality of new baggage system’s statics.
Flight management systems are one of the best navaids in commercial aviation. The flight management system (FMS) is made up of four systems in an aircraft, the FMC (flight management computer), the autopilot and flight director, the auto throttle, and the IRS’s. According to Boeing the FMS could be defined as, being capable of four dimensional area navigation (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time), while optimizing performance to achieve the most economical flight possible. The flight management system can give you gross weight of the aircraft, and the best speeds (i.e. holding, approach, climb, cruise, descent, etc…) by taking inputs from the fuel summation unit when it is given the zero fuel weight and the MACTOW (mean aerodynamic cord at takeoff weight). The position of the aircraft can also be determined by referencing the IRS, along with GPS and the radio position updating.
Fear, fatigue, depression, paranoia, confusion, itchy skin, hostility, rage, and anxiety Pellagra is clinically described as the three D’s: dermatitis, diarreah, dementia and death (Mercola, 2018).
...me under the training and educating the pilots. The pilots must be aware of the manuals that talk about the computer systems in the flight deck. They themselves are responsible for updating their knowledge on the improvement of these systems. These procedures must be communicated through the company so that all the other staff is aware of the changes as well.