“Never judge a book by its cover” we have all heard this saying, but what makes us judge a book by its cover? This is what psychologists have studied since the 1940’s; they call this Implicit Personality Theory. With one piece of information about someone, we imagine other details about them. The theory that we individually form impressions is still being studied today. Implicit Personality Theory is suggests we fill in blanks when identifying characteristics of people, using a few characteristics to draw inferences about others (West, Turner, 2011). It describes the specific patterns an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of information about an unfamiliar person. The word implicit essentially means automatic. …show more content…
Consistency refers to the way newly formed impressions relate to what is already known about the other person (Felipe, A.I. 1970). There are two dimensions of consistency, evaluative, and descriptive. Evaluative consistency suggests we will match an overall impression of the person with traits that have already been established. If we notice a person is very witty, and we’ve already established a great relationship with someone who is also witty, we are more likely to assume the person has other positive traits. Likewise, if we come into contact with who has unfavorable traits, such as constantly lying to make themselves more interesting, we are likely to assume the person has numerous other bad traits. Descriptive theory is like evaluative theory, the difference is that we hear descriptive personality traits about someone and make our assumptions from there. We don’t even have to come into any physical contact with someone and we assume different aspects of their personality. When someone tells you someone is very pretty, one might assume she is very popular as well, that is descriptive …show more content…
Many factors make up the theory, and although there is a lot of information on it, many psychologists are still studying it today. We all form impressions differently which makes human interacting so interesting. Different traits, central, peripheral, and effect of observer traits play a big part in forming an impression. Central traits refer to who we are deep down, while peripheral traits refer to who we are sometimes. Peripheral traits stuck out to me because we tend to remember those traits of any other traits other people possess. It’s important to remember to never judge a book by its cover. We obviously have a tendency to make judgments with limited information and learning more about how and why we do this was very interesting to me. The girl who is quiet in class may not be who we think she is, she might not be that girl who thinks she’s too good to participate, she may have severe anxiety and every time she wants to speak her anxiety stops her from doing so. It’s important to slowly form impressions, although we automatically do this, we should be more aware and open-minded when meeting new
Implicit Bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions unconsciously. (Kirwan, 2015) The implicit bias, which includes both favorable and unfavorable being personal, are activated involuntarily and without an individual’s awareness or voluntary control. The implicit interaction subconscious
Many people’s assumptions are driven by appearance but in some cases the appearance can be
Our book was divided into different chapters on various theorists and explained the major theories of personality that were proposed by the different psychologists. One of the theories that we learned about was the trait theories. Gordan Allport introduced the trait theory and his theory suggested that individual personalities are primarily composed of broad dispositions’. Eysenck’s three dimensions of Personality was also a part of the trait theory. Eysenck developed that model of personality upon three universal trails. And at last, the trait theory had the Big five dimensions which proposed that there are give basic dimensions of personality. One of the four conclusions in our textbook suggested that “until more unambiguous empirical research is available, the best one can do is to evaluate the various theories personally, and to accept concepts that make sense and reject those that do not”(531).
Human beings inherently utilise these cognitive structures in order to make immediate inferences about personality. In the 2000 study, Vrugt and Luyerink found that individuals had incorporated certain postural positions within their schematic structures for men and women, and could draw upon these to make inferences about personality and occupation. Females who posed conservatively were deemed more feminine, whilst male who sat less conservatively were deemed more masculine. Similarly, Hack (2014) ascertained that particular facial expressions had been cognitively assigned to either gender. Whereby, via the mechanism of stereotyping, the smiling females were perceived to be more likeable, communal beings, in comparison to the presented smiling male faces. Not dissimilarly, Lindwall and Ginis (2008) found that stereotypical traits existed for males who exercised regularly and those who did not. Based appearance alone, male exercisers were considered to be happy, sociable, hard working, confident and well disciplined. Furthermore, Juodvallkis et al (2003) explored the consequences of stereotyping behaviour in the job screening process. In relation to impression formation, those who displayed a gender appropriate style of communication were deemed to be more appropriate for the position than those who did not. Lastly, Okimoto (2012) extended this line of research and focused on the stereotyping
“the implicit personality theory; a subject’s assumption about how the trait of other persons are related to each other” at the same time as the two researchers, Cronbach (1955) used the term to describe a subjects assumption about the mean and variance of other people on a certain trait and the covariance between that trait and other traits in a person.
Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people.” Personality is characterized by many dimensions of a person’s overall being. The belief that personality stems from one origin is small minded and on many levels, unsupported. If the scope of personality is expanded, it suggests that there is not a single explanation determining a person’s personality and how it is formed. Personality Theories have been generated for centuries by individuals who desire to identify what distinguishes a person’s personality and how it affects their behaviors. What is it that comprises all the unique characteristics about a person?
There are many people in this world; no two people are the same. When considering personality theories it is important to note that not all theories apply to all situations or all people. Different theories have different approaches. It is important to know the person before making assumptions about the proper theory to apply to the person or in any given situation. The purpose of this paper is to analysis how different personality theorists could interoperate different individual circumstances and behaviors based on case examples provided by the instructor.
The first impression you have when meeting someone is their appearance, which makes it easy to judge people based on how they
The study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniqueness. In the field of psychology, trait theory is considered to be a key approach to the study of human personality (Crowne, 2007; Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2009). This paper aims to identify a number of significant contributors who have played crucial roles in both the development and application of trait theory. This paper then moves focus to these theorists, outlining their theory and analysing both the strengths and weaknesses of those theories. An illustration of the methods used in trait measurement is given and includes the arguments both for and against such procedures. Lastly the findings of trait theory and its components described within the paper will be summarised.
Allport defines personality as ‘the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment’ (Allport, 1937). An individual’s unique personality traits and attributes are a powerful indicator of how he/she will interact with the work environment. The difference between average and outstanding employees can often be solely personality related. As the employee is the most valuable asset to the company, ‘selecting the right employee during the process is critical’ (Carbery and Cross, 2013, pp. 41-53)
Perception of ourselves can influence how we can communicate with other people; this can either be a positive or negative thing. Also, how the other person view himself or herself; this means that in communication between two persons the second person may see himself or herself more voluble, soft-spoken and respectful more than the other person. After that, how the other person views you; this can show how the receiver of a message sees the sender. This means, he or she may have bad or good impression about the sender of the message. For example, a receiver of a message may view a sender as being tough, in his or her choice of words and fanatic in speech. However, sometimes I feel shy to talk to people and start to communicate with them because
The beauty halo effect has become a strong phenomenon in social psychology nowadays. The beauty halo effect can also be called “the physical attractiveness” stereotype and the “what is beautiful is good” principle (Lewis-Beck, Bryman and Liao, 2004). The halo effect makes reference to the tendency of people to better rate attractive people for their personality traits than the individuals that are qualified less attractive (Lewis-Beck, Bryman and Liao, 2004). The psychologist Edward Thorndike first wrote about the halo effect phenomenon in his paper The Constant Error in Psychological Ratings in 1920. He noticed in his work that “ratings were apparently affected by the tendency to think of a person in general as rather good or rather inferior and to color the judgments of the qualities by this general feelings” (Lachman and Bass, 2001). The halo effects explain the fact that early aspects influence the interpretation of later aspects (Forgas, 2011). Since the first definition of the halo effects made by Thorndike in 1920, this concept has been the subject...
...reotype. This tendency has to do with selective memory bias; remembering the information that supports the stereotype and forgetting the information that doesn’t (Floyd, 62). These self-confirming assumptions can influence how much we like a person, based on a stereotype.
How first impressions are formed has been a subject of interest by many researchers in the area of psychology.
...der, it is vitally important to recognize the power of first impressions and understand how they carry through the longevity of a relationship. A team member's first impression of me will have long-terms effects. Conversely, while first impressions are a powerful tool, situational first impressions must be acknowledged. Like John, varying situations will result in varying behaviors from people. John the Extrovert and John the Introvert were likely the same John. The situation was the powerful variable in our first impression of John.