Implicit Interaction Design Methodology
Because implicit interactions arise outside of the user’s notice or initiative, they can be inspiring to design: it is insufficient to project what commands we might issue as users and make them conceivable. Instead, it is important that the designers of implicit inter- actions pay greater attention to the interplays between interactants. Our design methodology for implicit interactions practices interaction patterns to help designers’ model interactive object behaviors of know-how about how to involve in everyday interactions with other people.24
Interaction Patterns The patterns of ordinary interactions have been studied by those in other disciplines. Sociologists, for example, represent what Goffman
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Well-designed, implicitly interactive devices can let us to reap the benefits of computation and communication away from the desktop, support us when we are physically, socially, or cognitively engaged, or when we do not know what should happen next. Designed poorly, these same devices can wreak havoc on our productivity and performance, creating frustration and obstruction in their wake. By taking stock of what it is we humans do when we work with one another, and using a bit of creativity in applying these lessons to the machine world, we can help make this next generation of interactive devices welcome in our world. To this end, we have presented a framework for implicit interaction that characterizes interactions based on attentional demand and initiative—factors that are appropriate to any interface, regardless of domain. We have applied this framework to the use of implicit interaction patterns, which allow designers to apply techniques and solutions from one domain as a template for the analogous solution for another. This framework and methodology can be used by designers as a lens on their interaction design problems, and help them leverage existing linguistic, sociological, or ethnographic techniques to the end of designing better human- computer interactions. Because implicit interactions have convergent features due to the limitations imposed by the human in the loop, knowledge about the exchanges can be generated and generalized—key mechanisms in any area of academic research. This transmissibility of solutions from one domain to another also enables design solutions to be agreed from one design researcher to another, enabling designers of interactive objects to develop generalized interaction patterns for different classes of
In sociology, the interactionist perspective tends to use the “micro'; approach, where smaller groups of individuals are studied. The interactionist perspective views society as countless encounters between human beings and everyday social activity. The fact that an interactionist would make a study based on everyday, example by example cases separates them from the other perspectives, which tend to look at the larger scheme of things. Using the above approach to the study, there are three particular questions that this article answers. First, why do individuals do the things they do? Second, do people always mean what they say? Finally, how is society experienced (what was the difference between black and white experience while shopping for a home?) The following will show how the article answers the previous three questions.
Symbolic interactionism is the study of how people negotiate the meaning of social life during their interactions with other people. I thought all black guys had the same speech. I used to think they were loud,
Interactionists are interested in how people attempt to make sense of the social world, how we try to interpret other people's behaviour in order to discover what that behaviour means.
Introducing personalized touch is less likely to succeed or long lasting without consent or commitment from various organizational levels.
The social theorist I chose for this paper is symbolic interactionist Erving Goffman. I chose Erving Goffman because of his intellectual and still relevant research on social behaviour and learning among individuals. He is one of a few social theorists whom I find completely interesting and noteworthy. Not only this, but I found that I wanted to learn more about him and soak in all of his ideas and his work because he is from Canada. I am a very proud Canadian and I am glad that such an influential social theorist whose work is still being put to use today came from the country that I am from. This paper will outline most, if not all, of Goffman’ss most important aspects to social life by providing you with his biography, his ideas, and how his ideas relate to the now, the twenty-first century. → ADD
It views society as an active influence affecting everyday social interactions. Individuals manipulate symbols and create their social worlds through interactions that are maintained by a shared understanding of everyday behavior. Unlike functionalist and conflict theorists, integrationists view human interaction on a micro level and generalize about everyday social interactions in order to explain society as a whole. In interactionism, humans are viewed as living in a meaningful world of objects like symbols that play an important role in communication. Symbolic interaction is known as nonverbal communication, which includes facial expressions and many other gestures that are shared amongst all members of society. Erving Goffman came up with a popular method of interactionism that is called the dramaturgical approach. It compares everyday life in a theatre because just like actors, individuals only present certain features of their personality depending on the setting of environment. Thus, interactionism consists of communication and interaction on a micro level to understand the larger macro phenomena (Schaefer
Sociology is the study of society and the interactions that occur within society itself. There are numerous methods of analyzing societies and the way the function, nonetheless, most methods fall in micro and macro level theories. Micro level theories allow sociologist to study smaller relationships such as individual or compact groups of people. On the other hand, macro level studies permit for larger scale investigations to take place. With both of these theories there are three theoretical perspectives used in sociology. Micro level theories include symbolic interactionism which focuses in interactions done with language and gestures and the means which allow such interactions to take place. Macro level theories include structural functionalism
Communication is everywhere. We, as interactive human beings, spend the majority of our time corresponding with others to satisfy our physical, identity, social, and practical needs (Adler, Rodman, & Sevigny, 2011). Often, this is consciously done; we search our minds for the accurate linguistic means to express our experiences, and use them to communicate with those around us. However, communication is not as straightforward and effortless as we may believe. It is, in fact, often unintentional, with 65% of it occurring as a result of non-verbal cues (Matsumoto, Shibata, Seiji, Mori, & Shioe, 2010). As mentioned by Marta Dynel (2011) in a study done on nonverbal communication, “Non verbal signs and signals ... are prevalent practically in all social encounters, which entail at least two individuals, who need not even talk or consciously interact otherwise”. Examples exist in all mediums, including in the animated film ‘Up’, where one scene depicts transactional communication between a male and female character, all expressed nonverbally . The nonverbal communication in this scene, along with various other communication constructs, will be discussed.
the interaction the individual itself and how they interact within their surroundings. Through symbolic interactionalism you look at things and what they mean, and then determine the effects they have. There are many hand signs, both good and bad, that people exchange, as well as facial expressions in reaction to an event or statement that a symbolic interactionalist would look at. My observation period in the library allowed me to glimpse into the life of a sociologist. I realized that you could learn a lot about someone by just watching him or her. Their behavior is highly representative of the person they are; yet one cannot assume what specific reactions imply. Through the use of your sociological imagination you are able to gain a deeper understanding of behavior and how behavior is influenced by society.
To discuss the association, Georg Simmel separates the association into two subcategories, the social forms, and the social types. Social forms are to define the meaning or purpose which lead to different responding while people interact with other individuals. For example, when people said “How’s your work?”, we have to find out this is a just basic greeting for improving the relationship, or the person is asking more detail information about the work. Different social forms will affect the interaction between people. To determine the forms of social interaction is a crucial interacting skill in association with people. On the other hand, the social types are talking about the first impression or the personality of people will decide how people interact with other individuals in society. For instance, Cathy is an outgoing and lay back person, so when people want to make a friend or hang out with her,
Erving Goffman (1922-1982) held the position of Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. He served as President of the American Sociological Association in the year leading up to his death in 1982. Goffman is considered as the pioneer of the study of face-to-face interaction and has made a substantial contribution to micro-sociology. He is recognised as a major figure in the symbolic interaction perspective. In 2007 he was listed as the sixth most cited author in the humanities and social sciences (The Times Higher Education Guide, 2007).
In life people communicate every day through many types of responses and behaviors. There are plenty examples that have been expressed over time by people trying to explain these communicative behavior and analyze them in different ways.
“Social interaction refers to any relationship between two or more individuals. It is the result of the environment where this relationship takes place and it has an impact on people’s behavior.” (Holster, 2016) Social interaction exists everywhere in the world. And with the advanced technology, the ways we interact with others are changing rapidly.
Information can be rich or poor, but it is important that the process of sharing is present, otherwise the team won’t be efficient. If everybody holds the information to themselves, a lot of people will not fully participate. Email, phone, Skype and other technologies are some examples of how information can easily be transferred, but mostly people just communicate face-to-face. According to Michael West (year), the richness of the information increases in face-to-face sharing, because of many things such as gestures, body language, facial expression and many other. This way also adds the possibility to really understand the problem. We also suggest that the contact is very important and it definitely decreases social loafing, so by maximizing it we solve a part of the
Human Computer Interaction is an emerging field that encompasses computer science along with cognitive science, psychology, artificial intelligence, industrial design and human factors engineering. A few decades back the field was confined to personal productivity applications. However, now it has diversified and includes aspects as varied as information systems, visualization, system development process and collaborative systems. The researchers in this field find novel ways and technologies that can facilitate better interface between humans and computers and hence lead to positive outcomes. On an individual level, I tend to figure out how people react to various things in any field, it’s like a hobby that has intrigued me for a long time