Introduction
Verbal memory refers to a person’s capacity to store retrieve and recall verbal information. When it comes to verbal memory in general there is no one specific way to administer a verbal learning test. From six articles there are three different verbal learning tests administered the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) (Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober,1987), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RVLT) , ( Rey , 1993) Phonologically Unfamiliar language Test (PULT) (Kaushanskaya , Marian and Yoo ,2011) and the Philadelphia Repeated Verbal Learning Test (PrVLT) ( Libon, Schmidt, Gallo, Penney, Swenson, Giovannetti, et al. 2005). As there are many different ways of testing verbal memory different assumptions and conclusions can be drawn, though throughout every verbal learning test the consensus is that females outperform the male participants. The problem comes when researchers decide to which factor to attribute females’ high performance. For many the answer lies with how the words are remembered. It is suggested by my authors including Baxter, Conner,Comer,Herring and Gale (2007) and Krueger and Salthouse (2010) that females have a better storage; encoding and learning system than males while other’s such as Kramer, Yaffe, Lengenfelder and Delis (2003) conclude that the answer is in hormones such as oestrogen. The lack of continuity between testing techniques and the outlier conclusions such as hormones calls for more research into the area of gender and verbal memory.
Suggested in both Baxter, Conner,Comer,Herring and Gale (2007) and Krueger and Salthouse (2010) a common conclusion as to why gender differences exist is differences in encoding. A form of encoding is clustering is when words are...
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...r than males in delayed recall which leads to the conclusion that females have a better encoding system that uses clustering and semantic process to aid better storage and rehearsal of the information. Though there is no significant gender difference between the immediate and total recall of words women still perform slightly better than males in all recall tasks. The question of why this occurs is still not answered but the results seem to support that it is the female’s ability to cluster and encode that gives them an advantage in verbal memory. There is still much to be learnt about memory and many variables still to be tested as there are many contesting theories. This study supports again that females will outperform males in verbal tasks almost always but the exact reason this happens must be examined more to truly understand the nature of memory and gender.
Both male and female brains are different and extends into a difference of what they can
Harvey et al (2000) also used the word list learning and delayed recall, pranix drawing, modified Boston Naming test and CERAD to assess cognitive function of both their control and experimental populations. The word list learning and delayed recall is a ten item list of words that is presented to the subject during three separate trials. After each trial the subject is asked to freely recall the words from the list. After a delay, which is filled with the pranix drawing task, the participants are asked to recall the list of words once again. The dependent variable in this task is the number of words recalled over the three trials and the number of words that were recalled after the delay. The scores ranged from 0 to 20 based the...
Can memories be biased? Researchers Postarino and Doyle-Portillio (2013); Bernstein and Loftus (2009); and Bartholomew (2009) found increasing evidence to suggest that the answer to this question is yes. Explicit and implicit memories are encoded differently, but it appears both can be fallible. Also worth noting, is that this can happen without a person conscious awareness. Kolb and Whishaw (2014) examined studies that gave participants a list of words, then gave them a second list. The second list contained some, but not all items from the first list, but many participants thought the word sugar was on both, when in fact it was only on the second. Similar words like cake, sweet, and candy were on the first so this seemed to confuse participants. This phenomena researchers refer to as false memory. False memory is different from a lie; unlike a lie, the individual in this case may give false account of the past truly believing that he or she is telling the truth. In other words, false memory can simply be defined as mental experience that is wrongfully considered as the truthful representation of the past. False memories can result in both minor and serious consequences Bernstein & Loftus, 2009; Bartholomew, 2009).
In Margaret Matlin’s textbook The Psychology of Women, the first consistent theme discussed is in regards to gender differences. Contrary to popular belief, psychological gender differences are typically small and inconsistent. Throughout the text, there are numerous situations, examples, and statistical data to support these findings. One example is the lack of gender differences in cognitive abilities. Matlin (2012) states, “Unfortunately, however, when people who are not experts discuss gender comparisons in thinking, they almost always emphasize gender differences. Meanwhile, they ignore the substantial evidence for gender similarities” (143). When people who
The Effects of Levels of Processing on Memory PB1: Identify the aim of the research and state the experimental/alternative hypothesis/es. (credited in the report mark scheme) To show how different levels of processing affects the memory. “People who process information deeply (i.e. semantic processing) tend to remember more than those who process information shallowly (i.e. visual processing). ” PB2: Explain why a directional or non-directional experimental/alternative hypothesis/es has been selected. (I mark) I have used a directional experimental hypothesis because past research, such as that by Craik and Tulving (1975) has proved this. PB3:
Memory is a group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information (Hockenberry and Hocenberry page 232). I will be addressing two specific types of memory: short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory holds temporary information transferred from sensory memory or long-term memory. Sensory memory is the first stage of memory and obtains information for a brief amount of time. Short-term memory is also called active memory and is stored in the prefrontal cortex which is the most active part of the brain during an activity. Short-term memory can hold information for roughly twenty seconds, but sensory memory holds information for a shorter amount of time. We usually store things such
As we all know the brain is one of the most amazing mysteries in the world; there is a lot to be discovered. This topic hits home for me because most of my life I have always wanted to know how is the brain any different between men and women.
The mammalian brain contains several different memory systems, which can be divided into declarative and non-declarative memory systems. Declarative memory can be further divided into episodic and semantic memory, and non-declarative memory can be divided into priming, associative learning, and procedural memory.
Oestrogen receptors in the brain are believed to cause gender-appropriate behaviour. Oestrogen, a hormone found in the female genital tissue, acts as a ligand and, by activating the oestrogen receptors found on the surfaces of brain cells, causes notable changes in behaviour. Professors at Yale University have studied the effects of oestrogen and found the hormone increases neural connectivity in the brain resulting in a more accurate memory. Turnham et al (2002) supports this as upon investigation...
The brain is divided into two hemisphere: the left and right side, both hemisphere have its own cognitive purposes which process difference method of intellectual mode. The speaking left hemisphere cannot name what the right hemisphere has just seen. (McGilchrist, 2009). The left and right hemisphere of the brain communicate through its corpus collosum given an individual the mental ability to perform properly. The mapping of a female brain is differ from a male brain. Its biological sexes of the brain can affect the process of information. Most people are dominated in one side of the hemisphere while other are well balance in both hemisphere of the brain. Subsequently, I will talk over about the left brain versus the right brain on how it impacts our ability to learn and briefly discuss about “Split Brain" Experiments by Roger Sperry.
In daily life, memory is used all the time. When we go to buy things, we would remember the list of items what we are going to buy. At school, we would also need to have revision in order to remember the materials for examination. Or even, when we meet friends, we would also need to recall their names. Thus it is important to know and understand how we remember such things so that we can effectively recall them when necessary. Obviously, we do not need to remember the exact position or order of things in daily life. We would have our own pattern for remember and retrieve information (Ashcraft, 2010). This is named as free recall, which items recalled in any order (Francis, Neath, MacKewn and Goldthwaite, 2004). However, many researchers found that the probability of recalling items (such as words, letters, or numbers) does in fact depend on the items position in a list. The most striking finding is that words at the beginning and end of the list are often easier to recall than those words in the middle of the list. Thus, when the results of a free recall experiment are plotted on a graph; a u-shaped serial position curve can be obtained. This is often referred to as the serial position effect that is affecting our memory (Smith, n.d.).
The same concept was expressed by Edward O. Wilson (1992), father of sociobiology at Harvard University. According to him, females tend to be better equipped in characteristics like verbal and social skills, security needs and empathy than their counterpart. In the other, Males tend to be better in spatial ...
The human body is a complex structure. The brain being the most complex organ has the most work to do. The human memory consists of a process in which memories are stored and remembered. According to Intelegen Inc., there is this unique process of Memory in which the process only involves three stages. In the stages of this process, the memory is formed, retained, and retrieved. There are three stages of the five different types of Memory; the three stages are encoding, storage and retrieval.
Learning to tie shoes and ride a bike requires the encoding, storing, and retrieving of past observations of the procedure. With a lot of practice, children master these skills so well that they are able to remember them the rest of their lives. Memory is the storing of information over time. It is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. As a process, memory refers to the "dynamic mechanism associated with the retention and retrieval of information about past experiences" (Sternberg 260). We use our memory about the past to help us understand the present. The study or memory in psychology is used in different ways, as well as there are many different ways to study how memory works in humans. In psychology there are many tasks used to measure memory, and different types of memory storages that human's use, such as sensory storing, or short term storing. There are also a lot of techniques that humans use to improve their memory, which they can use to learn, such as mnemonic devices. All these things can be classified as important issues in the study of human memory and ways of learning.
Pearson, J. C., Turner, L. H., & West, R. L. (1995). Vocabulary, Questions, and Dominance: Verbal Communication and Gender. Gender & Communication (3rd ed., pp. 145-164). Madison, WI.: Brown & Benchmark.