I. Introduction
Sound policies are the underpinning of the democratic governance and closely related to citizens’ livelihoods, the operation of business and the interests of various social groups. Formulating sound policies is the important start of the policy making process, while the implementation system of these policies is the key to determine the outcomes of the policies. Hadson and Lowe (2004, 245) point out the significance of implementation:
Policy is not a settled end product and the significance of the moment and place of delivery is that policy can be and usually is remade during implementation. (Hudson and Lowe, 2004, 245)
Therefore, making implementation analysis, which normally focuses on identifying and bridging implementation
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The Concept of Implementation Gap: Difference between Expectation and Reality
Implementation gap, which is also called implementation failure, is the difference between the policymakers’ aspirations and the reality of policy outcome in the policy delivery process (deLeon, 1999; Hill, 2005; Hill and Hupe, 2009). It usually manifests that the solutions, which have been adopted in the policy, are not well functioned in practice as expected.
The implementation may lead to the waste of resources, and sometimes, even, may have a negative impact on varies areas of life, from lowering the quality of delivered service to destructing the business environment, and to sacrificing human rights and citizenship. This problem is universally occurring in countries all over the world and at all levels of governments. However, ordinary citizens from developing countries without democratic political system suffer more than those from developed countries with sound political system. The problems of incomplete anti-corruption, talent selection and communication system, and non-efficient bureaucratic structure in developing countries may lead to implementation gap, which makes policies cannot secure the rights of citizens (Makinde, 2005). The essay discusses this issue in the following
Recently, in India the more powerful people have been depriving the poor of their mere wealth. According to the author, " million living below the poverty line is that the public exchequer is being looted, and that the money earmarked for development is going into the pockets of the rich and the powerful."(2 Bunker). This portrays that the donated and tax money that has been put forth for the poor is going into the high authority pockets. This leads to a greater gap between the rich and poor. The ones that deserve more are being deprived and tormented of their rights. Only 17% of the development money is reaching the poor the rest is taken by the corrupt officials. This is also shown when the article states, "Thousands of schools, dispensaries, roads, small dams, community centres and residential quarters have been shown to be complete on paper, but in reality are incomplete, inhospitably unutilized and abandoned."(1 Bunker). It is evident that the government is showing these facilities have been provided to seem diligent on paper. However, the basic necessities which is a citizens right have been taken away from the poor. Many rights including the voting rights of the poor village people are snatched by the officials. The poor do not have the right to true information of where the money for the poor from the government is being spent. It is because false receipts and vouchers
According to Easton (1953) a policy is a mass of actions and decisions that attach values to it. A policy advisor uses their expertise to evaluate the policy, based on effectiveness to examine what is working by utilisation of evidence and advises for improvement (Verrelli, 2008). Policy is a broad area of research for the advisor to analyse and suggest how to implement new options and improve the policy (Mayer et al, 2004). However, the advice given may or may not be implemented by the actors involved and as such accountability of the advice must be accepted by the parties involved in the
Throughout this assignment a variety of terminology will be used, first it is appropriate to define what the term ‘Social Policy’ means. Social policy can be defined in different ways and ‘there is no established or agreed definition of social policy’ (Baldock et, al., 1999:21). From reading different books on social policy, the author’s understanding of social policy is it provides guidelines to deal with social problems . Social problems are matters which direct...
Charles Lindblom in the Science of Muddling Though identified two methodology in formulating policy - the Rational Comprehensive (Root) and Successive Limited Comparisons (Branch). There are numerous differences between the root and branch decision-making methods for policymaking; root (rational) decision-making starts from basic issues on every occasion and builds from the ground up, whereas branch (successive limited comparison) begins with the current situation and changes incrementally. The linear or rational model presents policy-making as a problem solving process which is sensible, objective and analytical. In the model, decisions are made in an orderly manner starting with the identification of a problem or issue then ending with a set of activities to solve or deal with it. Charles Lindblom is critical of the Rational Comprehensive Method (Root) of policy process as simplistic and difficult to apply when dealing with complex issues (Lindblom, 1959, p. 79). He advocates that there is logic of “muddling through” the process rather than identifying all the issues, collecting al...
The fundamental of policymaking consists of a lengthy time process that goes through many steps in becoming a Bill. The process of policymaking is introduced in the beginning step of the Policy Formulation Phase, as the problem goes through a Legislation it goes into the Policy Implementation Phase, which than forms into a law or vetoed. Many policies do not become a Bill’s, but the certain ones that do they achieve the goal to guide the society with immense decision making and balanced outcomes.
The Achievement has been a reoccurring issue for many years within the education system. Achievement gaps refers to the academic performance within a set of students. The most vital indicators pertaining to the achievement gap is reviewing standardized tests, course selection, dropout rates, and college completion rates (Morris 227). This issue has been reoccurring because of the various attempts of reforms to close the gap. Some of the reforms to decrease the gap is “No child left behind act 2001”, recovery act, P-12 reform, and many more. It can be argued that these first reforms changed the education system to any extent. However it is evitable to find the most successful reform for the United States increase economically. Which is why this topic is important for North Carolina. The achievement gap is sustainably defined by the differences among not only racial groups but subgroups as well.
In this paper, I will discuss the individuals that make the policies that are being implemented as well as those individuals that are being held accountable for seeing these policies
Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework rose up out of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, Bloomington. Spearheaded by Elinor and Vincent Ostrom, it is the result of work from numerous specialists from around the globe who are intrigued by seeing how people act in aggregate activity settings and the institutional institutions that administer such plans.
According to Fullan, “the failure to institutionalize an innovation underlies the disappearance of many reforms”. (Fullan, 2001, p748) As with any real reform of a system it requires partnership and consultation with all invested bodies. It can be said of past reforms that this never occurred. ...
corruption and equal protection under the law for citizens regardless of wealth via legal and judicial
According to Sapru R.K. (2008) p370-371 the traditional ideal of public administration which inclined to be firm and bureaucratic was based on processes instead of outcomes and on setting procedures to follow instead of focusing on results. This paradigm can be regarded as an administration under formal control of the political control, constructed on a firmly ranked model of bureaucracy, run by permanent and neutral public servants, driven only by public concern. In emerging nations the administration was true bureaucracy meaning government by officers. In this perspective Smith (1996) p235-6 perceived that“the bureaucracy controls and manages the means of production through the government. It increases chances for bureaucratic careers by the creation of public figures,demanding public managers, marketing boards.
Public Managers have to participate in the policy making process. Previously, according to scholars, “policy process” was considered “decision making” (Wu, Ramesh, Howlett, & Fritzen, 2010). Under such pretense, public managers considered their role merely with policy implementation. However the recent theories that define public policy, have demarcated public policy as an activity that involves a broad range of activities ranging from defining problems, ensuring the defined problems to make it to agenda, developing alternative solutions of addressing these issues, implementing the results and evaluating the outcomes.
Policies taken by the respective Governments of each and every country in the world are an important aspect of our life whether we choose it or not. Policies are normally adopted to solve major problems faced by the public. It is the duty of the State to see to it that the problems are solved keeping the majority and at the same time ensuring proper justice is done and ethically on the right side of it. So, it is important that there be a public policy and it matters that they need to cater to the majority and aid them by providing solutions to their problems and ensure a smooth functioning of the state. And as a citizen of the nation, public policy matters to me because it provides me a platform to assess the decisions taken by the state on behalf of the nation and with proper knowledge people like us can aid in the betterment of the society by providing inputs or question the policy if it seems improbable.
Public policy can be defined as “What ever governments choose to do or not do” (Dye, 2008, p 2). In the context of this essay, public policies are a set of actors by the government in order to reach out to the masses. The ministries and departments are mandated to deliver specific mandates in the form of public goods and services.
Government officials trusted by the people are nowadays the ones involved in the major issue in the country which is Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) Scam, or the pork-barre...