Introduction
Acts of terrorism has greatly affected multiple countries, including the United States. The horrific events that took place on 9/11 left the American people shocked, devastated, and furious. Many innocent American’s lost their lives on this infamous day. While airports and airlines are not free from security breaches, a set of new security measures and requirements have been implemented by the International Air Transport Association and the International Civil Aviation Organization (Beirman, 2011). Increased security at airports and airlines, have left terrorists to target more vulnerable areas such as tourist destinations. Attacking tourists’ spots such as hotels, restaurants, nightclubs, conference venues and other forms of transportation such as buses, trains and rail terminals are an easier target for a terrorist group (Beirman, 2011). The main purpose of this paper is to inform the reader on how 9/11 impacted the tourism industry in recent following years after the attack, as well as to provide terrorism prevention strategies for tourism destinations. The attacks on 9/11 have significantly impacted the tourism industry in ways such as international, domestic and business arrivals, the economy and tourism business sectors, and citizen’s perceptions of traveling, thus resulting in researches coming up with strategies on how to prevent terrorism from happening at a tourism destination.
Links and Trends Between Terrorism and Tourism
Tourists may be victims of terrorism simply because they were at the wrong place at the
wrong time. However, in recent history there is more likely to be a link between tourism and
terrorism. As seen throughout the news, there are multiple instances where terrorists are seen
targeting tourists specifically, such as the Bali Bombings that took place in Bali. Reason being is
that attacking tourists has a distinctive advantage for the terrorist group. First of all, many
foreign tourists who are attacked are from so-called developed countries such as the United
States, France, Italy, and other various countries. Attacking theses foreign tourists guarantees
publicity for the terrorist group in that tourist’s home country (Horner & Swarbrooke, 2004).
Having these countries give terrorist groups publicity makes terrorists feel they have
accomplished their task and are becoming more power...
... middle of paper ...
...1, September 9). The tourism legacy of 9/11 ten years on. Retrieved from http://www.eturbonews.com/25139/tourism-legacy-911-ten-years
Bonham, Carl & Edmonds, Christopher & Mak, James (2006, February 22) The Impact of 9/11 and Other Terrible Global Events on Tourism in the U.S. and Hawaii [Case Study].
Retrieved from http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3683/econwp087.pdf?sequence=1
Herman, E. (2002, June 10). Hotels rebound from 9/11 revenue loss hampers full recovery. Retrieved from http://articles.nydailynews.com/2002-06-10/news/18188960_1_room-
rates-hotel-consultant-revenue-per-available-room
Horner, S., & Swarbrooke, J. (2004). International cases in tourism management. (1 ed.). London, England: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Paraskevas, Alexandros & Arendell, Beverley (2007, February 8). A strategic framework for terrorism prevention and mitigation in tourism destinations [Case Study]. Oxford:
Elsevier Publishing.
Wolley, John, & Peters, Gerhard (2001, September 11). George W. Bush: "Address to the Nation on the Terrorist Attacks," September 11, 2001. Retrieved from
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58057
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2011 prompted the world to reevaluate and drastically modify airport and airline security. “Four targets had been chosen, all iconic American buildings that would send a clear message of the depth of their hatred for the United States. All four planes crashed, killing all on board—terrorists, crew members, and passengers, along with hundreds who were killed inside the structures, on the ground, and the men and women who ran into collapsing buildings in an effort to try and save others” (Smutz 1). As Jason Villemez said “the decade after the 9/11 attacks reshaped many facets of life in America” (Villemez 1). Before the attacks, people did not think that large scale hostility towards innocent people in our country was remotely possible. Ever since that fateful moment, citizens in America are on their toes every day worrying about another attack happening. United States citizens have had to adapt and change in response to this fear of further terrorist assault on our country. One of the ways they have adapted is by changing their means of security concerning airline travel.
This paper describes our nation and the worlds mindset about airline terrorism before 9/11 and airline terrorism today. This remains a very real and deadly subject even though we don’t have as many incidents occurring at this moment in time. Still the potential for countless lives being lost in an aircraft accident from the actions of a terrorist or terrorist organization is still very real and innocent families across this nation and abroad remain the targets. Additionally, it will show that the security measures in place at airports prior to 9/11 were far less adequate, than today, and personnel responsible for airport security at the gates and throughout were either poorly trained or not trained at all when it came to hijackers and terrorist. This paper will also identify the extensive security measures, rules and training that have been put into place, which helped to curtail acts of terrorism onboard airliners.
“President’s Address to Nation/” The Fifth Anniversary of September 11, 2001. The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of 11 September 2006. http://whiteshouse.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060911-3.html. Reporters Without Borders. Press release: Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2007.
43rd President of the United States, George Bush, in his speech, “9/11 Address to the Nation” addresses the nation about the day of September 11, 2001. Bush’s purpose is to convey the events of September 11, 2001 and what was and will be done about them. He adopts a serious yet somber tone in order to appeal to the strong and emotional side of the public and to his listeners around the world.
9/11 was one of the most devastating events in American History. Four hijacked passenger airplanes killed almost three thousand people. 9/11 changed millions of lives forever. American Citizens didn’t feel safe. This attack was a wake-up call to American security. 9/11 forced the country to acknowledge its shortcomings and fix them, before any more harm could come upon the United States of America. 9/11, as all acts of terror do, promoted the growth of technology, in this case, security in the United States. 9/11 also brought about feelings of hatred to the country. The United States soon became known as one of the most intolerable nations on this planet. Lastly, 9/11 butchered the economy and forced it down a long road to recovery.
September 11, 2001, is a day that will go down in history and never be forgotten. On this day in time, Islamic terrorists attacked the World Trade Center in New York City, as well as The Pentagon building in Washington, D.C. The terrorists, who were affiliated with Al Qaeda, were led by the one and only, Osama Bin Laden. Nine days after this devastating attack on our country, President George W. Bush addressed Congress with an unplanned State of the Union address. Bush used great amounts of tragedy with a direct vital tone to deliver a very important message. Ultimately, this message would reach out to the American people as a whole, not only for remembrance of the people who lost their lives, but also as a plan of action for what would lie ahead.
George W. Bush’s “9/11 Address to the Nation” is a speech in which he talks about the catastrophic event on September eleventh, 2001. Two airplanes crash into the Twin Towers in New York City on this day, shocking the entire world. He addresses this speech to the people of America on the night of the disastrous event, to let the people of the United States know what is going on. This speech explains how the United States is a strong country, the motives behind the event, as well as to bring the United States together and stronger.
¨We shall never forget, We shall keep this day, We shall keep the events and the tears In our minds, our memory and our hearts and take them with us as we carry on.¨ by: Anonymous (Memorial Website). An epic turn in history all around the world, around 3000 people lost their lives, the two world trade center’s crashed into pieces, the pentagon was crashed… all of this occurred on September 11, 2001. This date till today causes people to tear, as they remember themselves watching the event occur in person, TV or websites. The entire world was watching while it occurred. This attack caused a great impact all around the world, no one could believe what was happening and how. As soon as people got the news they realized that in a blink of an eye one of the biggest tragedies in the history of the United States of America had hit. This date caused negative impact on all kind of industries especially the aviation industry, in this paper you will learn exactly how this industry was affected.
Though the WTC in 1993 attack did not happen as had been planned by the terrorists, it was an eye opener to the loopholes that were available for use by terrorists and other criminals. The attacks exposed the weaknesses in a security detail of such a complex. The business community deduced incredible lessons that are used on new developments or continuity of businesses after such incidences. Training of employees, improvement of security and installation of power backup systems on different locations are all measures that help businesses to continue after terror attacks or help plan for new business ventures.
Sharpley, R., and Telfer, D. J., 2002. Tourism and Development Concepts and Issues. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
After 9/11, the government took measure to upsurge the safety in aspects like aviation and borders, this included the 9/11 Commission Report. The 9/11 Commission report entailed various recommendations on terrorist attacks upon the U.S. It begins with the U.S. government ascertaining present or prospective terrorist sanctions. the 9/11 commission report is an uncommonly lucid, even riveting, narrative of the ...
For the introduction, brief information regarding my purchase and the travel and tourism industry is presented. It was then followed by the explanation of the 2 chosen theories from two different chapters.
Another incident occurred on October 23, 2014 by a suspected Islamic convert in Queens, New York. The suspected Islamic convert critically wounded two NYPD officers with a hatchet. Islamic terrorist groups carefully choose their targets due to specific missions and objectives. Acts of terrorism are based on modernization, cultural conflict, and religion (Sauter & Carafano, 2012). Terrorists are creative in their attacks and is willing to explore different methods of inflicting fear and disrupting the economy. One of the many focal targets of terrorist groups are crowded civilian areas such as businesses and eateries. We often take for granted how serious terrorist attacks can be, and in most cases we fail to take preventive measures and implement emergency plans. Sauter and Carafano (2012) states, “Small business owners often believe that if disaster strikes they’ll be back in operation after two or three days. But experience shows that’s unlikely” (p. 431). The destruction of the Twin Towers carried out by Islamist extremists caused major disruption to the economy, caused mass causalities, inflict psychological fear to society, and destroyed countless large and small businesses in the lower Manhattan area of New
The last few decades the world has itself facing multiple terrorist threats, and terrorist attacks. Although there are other concerns that need to be factored in when traveling abroad for business, terrorism, and its many façades, warrants special attention. Rittichainuwat and Chakraborty (2009) performed research to see what many people perceive as a risk when traveling. The research focused on Thailand more so than other locations, is still plausible that information found can be applied to any location. According to Rittichainuwat and Chakraborty (2009), “terrorism prefers to use of premeditated violence, or threat of violence by organized groups against civilians or unarmed military personnel, in order to attain political, religious, or ideological goals.” It was found that regardless of low travel costs, an overwhelming majority of the respondents in this study “would not overlook personal safety,” which included both frequent and first-time travelers (Rittichainuwat & Chakraborty, 2009). Dr. Rittichainuwat is an Associate Professor at Siam University, Thailand. He has written one book in over twenty-five professional journal articles and presentations. Also, in 2004, Dr. Rittichainuwat won the Award for Best Paper, at the Second APacCHRIE Conference and The Sixth Biennial Conference on Tourism in Asia. His associate, Dr. Chakraborty received his PhD from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. In 2003 Dr. Chakraborty became an associate professor of...
...tourists that arrive in Egypt. Among these opportunities are accommodation, restaurants, merchandise and transport. In the year of 2010, the most prosperous year for tourism in Egypt, the country received 14.7 million tourists. This generated 12.5 billion dollars in revenue for the country (Hurghada, 2013). Unfortunately, the political unrest has had a huge negative impact on the amount of tourists. The number of tourists decreased by more than 5 million in 2011 (Hurghada, 2013). With countries like the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Italy issuing travel warnings against Egypt (Farouk, 2013), it appears that repairing the damage that was dealt to the tourism industry is going to prove to be a difficult task and a time-consuming process. The country’s ancient history has always drawn visitors, but its modern history is driving them away (Ferguson, 2013).