Introduction Just 4 years ago, in 2010, Robert G. Edwards who perhaps is better known as the “Father of the Test Tube Baby,” was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in Physiology or Medicine for the development of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Edwards initially became involved in reproductive manipulation when he studied mouse fertilization. He eventually moved to human experimentation and studied the human ovaries in great detail to determine how to utilize hormone treatment to induce ovulation. Through trial and error, he was able to isolate an oocyte outside of the body and fertilize it with sperm in 1969 (Vogel, 2010). This experiment comprised the first case of in vitro fertilization, though the fertilized oocyte was not implanted in utero. Edwards then began his famous collaboration with Steptoe, a pioneering obstetrician and gynecologist who developed a noninvasive method for obtaining the necessary oocytes called laparoscopy (Wade, 2010). Their advancements finally lead to the successful culmination of Louise Brown (Vogel, 2010).1 Moustafa Kamel R. Assisted Reproductive Technology after the Birth of Louise Brown. Journal Of Reproduction & Infertility [serial on the Internet]. (2013, July), [cited January 6, 2014]; 14(3): 96-109. Available from: Academic Search Complete. History Literature Review Definition In vitro fertilization (IVF), also called test-tube conception is a medical procedure in which mature egg cells are removed from a woman, fertilized with male sperm outside the body, and inserted into the uterus of the same or another woman for normal gestation. Indications In vitro fertilization is generally undertaken only after an exhaustive evaluation of infertility has been made. Though originall... ... middle of paper ... ...m: Academic Search Complete. OR http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=6a92a485-bddb-422d-aa27-e677c99162a2%40sessionmgr4004&vid=2&hid=4108 2) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/284461/in-vitro-fertilization-IVF/ 3) Kovacs G. The subfertility handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997. 4) Drife J, Magowan B. Clinical obstetrics and gynaecology. Edinburgh: Saunders; 2004. 5) Goodwin T. Management of common problems in obstetrics and gynecology. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. 6) Cdc.gov. CDC - Section 2a: ART Cycles Using Fresh, Nondonor Eggs or Embryos Figures 6-15 - 2010 ART Report - Division of Reproductive Health. [Online] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/art/ART2010/section2a.htm [Accessed 7 Jan 2014]. 7) Malizia BA, Hacke MR, Penzias AS. Cumulative live birth rates after In vitro fertilization. NEJM 2009; 30: 2
In this essay, the author
- Explains that moustafa kamel r. assisted reproductive technology after the birth of louise brown. journal of reproduction & infertility.
- Explains in vitro fertilization, also called test-tube conception, where mature egg cells are removed from a woman, fertilized with male sperm outside the body, and inserted into the uterus for normal gestation.
- Explains that in vitro fertilization is generally undertaken only after an exhaustive evaluation of infertility has been made.
- Explains kumar v, lu p. in vitro fertilization: a history and discussion. penn bioethics journal; 7(1): 12-16.
- Explains goodwin t. management of common problems in obstetrics and gynecology. chichester, west sussex: wiley-blackwell.
- Explains cdc's section 2a: art cycles using fresh, nondonor eggs or embryos figures 6-15.
- Analyzes malizia ba, hacke mr, penzias as. cumulative live birth rates after in vitro fertilization.
- Explains that robert g. edwards was awarded the nobel prize in medicine in physiology or medicine for the development of in vitro fertilization.
- Concludes that although ivf is an effective treatment option, it cannot reverse age-related infertility.
- Opines that it is excessive to judge that biologists are on the brink of a discovery with the destructive prowess of the atomic bomb.
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- In Vitro Frtilization By Robert G. Edwardsexplanatory essayThousands of babies are born each year to couples who may have never been able to conceive on their own. Dr. Robert G. Edwards is given the credit for developing a procedure called in vitro fertilization, which continues to give hope to couples all over the world. The term “in vitro,” broken down, implies that a process occurs outside of a living organism, therefore “in vitro fertilization” simply means fertilization outside of an organism. This groundbreaking accomplishment is what lead Dr. Edwards to being awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. While previous studies had been done on the subject, he was the first to conduct the research necessary to make in vitro fertilization truly possible, and with help from Patrick Steptoe,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that dr. robert g. edwards developed in vitro fertilization, which gives hope to couples all over the world. this groundbreaking accomplishment led him to be awarded the 2010 nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
- Explains that the nobel prize website provides an article that describes the entire history of in vitro fertilization. gregory pincus was the first to create the appropriate conditions for mammalian oocytes to mature.
- Describes dr. robert g. edwards' research in the late 1950s, and his first obstacle was access to oocytes that were at the correct stage for in vitro fertilization.
- Explains that the final error that called for correction was the hormone treatments women were receiving to induce oocyte maturation, which were resulting in spontaneous abortions. louise joy brown was born, the first baby successfully born through in vitro fertilization.
- Explains that the laparoscope has been replaced with an ultrasound method, and cryopreservation of human embryos is not something out of the ordinary. male infertility can be treated through intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
- States tanmoy mukherjee's article, "4 advances that make in vitro fertilization more successful than ever," that embryo biopsy and genetic analysis help address the challenge of embryos that look good in the lab, but turn out to be chromosomally abnormal.
- Explains that in vitro fertilization has provided hope for millions of couples who may have never been able to have a child of their own. dr. robert g. edwards' 20 years of dedication and persistence to the cause of infertility rewarded him with the 2010 nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
818 wordsRead More - Essay On In Vitro Fertilizationexplanatory essayIn Vitro Fertilization (IVF) has been one of the most controversial medical topics of today. Also commonly known as test tube conception, IVF is a medical procedure of the joining of a woman’s egg and a male’s sperm in a laboratory dish or test tube. “In Vitro” comes from a Latin origin literally meaning “outside the body”, hence the technique. Normally, fertilization takes place inside a woman’s body. The fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the womb and continues to grow until the baby is born nine months later, this process being completely natural and known as an unassisted conception. On the other hand, IVF is a form of ART, assistive reproductive technology. Due to a woman’s infertility or a male’s low sperm count, different measures, like this technique, are taken in order for a couple to bear children.
In this essay, the author
- Describes in vitro fertilization (ivf) as a medical procedure of the joining of women's eggs and male sperm in laboratory dish or test tube.
- Explains that ivf is successful approximately 30-40% of the time and is usually done when other less complex, and inexpensive procedures have failed.
- Explains that ivf has raised moral, ethical, and religious questions. the fertilized egg is supposed to develop inside the mother's womb, while the other embryos are frozen for later use.
- Explains that muslims believe that life and death happen according to god's will. however, scholars argue that if the ivf procedure is still performed, it is technically god’s decision whether it turns out to be successful or not.
- Opines that ivf is a procedure that should be performed or not, but it should ultimately depend on the couple.
579 wordsRead More - The Hidden Dangers of In Vitro Fertilizationexplanatory essayIn Vitro Fertilization (IVF)involves giving a woman drugs to induce ovulation and then harvesting (collecting) those mature eggs through a laparoscope. The man masturbates to collect the semen. Then, the semen and ova are mixed in a dish, where fertilization may occur. Then the tiny, new embryonic human(s) are put into the cavity of the woman's uterus with the hope that they will plant and grow. Other sophisticated techniques having the same purpose, employ a diversity of approaches to producing a pregnancy.
In this essay, the author
- Cites j. fleming, s. cross bio-ethics institute, from natl. perinatal statis. unit, sidney u.
- Explains testait, j., ".. preg. rate after embryo freezing," fertility & sterility, vol. 46, no. 2, p.
- Explains that in vitro fertilization involves giving a woman drugs to induce ovulation and then harvesting (collecting) mature eggs. church-related groups oppose this as "unnatural" and not ethical.
- Explains that 4,838 frozen embryo procedures were tried and had 11% deliveries. icsi is intracytoplasmic sperm injection, a new fertility procedure.
- Cites bustillo et al., "ovum transfer in infertile women," jama, vol.
675 wordsRead More - In-Vitro-Fertilization: Should it be Used?explanatory essayJennifer Rosenberg on about.com (n.d.), had stated, “On July 254, 1978, Louise Joy Brown, the world’s first successful ‘test-tube’ baby was born in Great Britain.” This was advancement in the medical history for women everywhere who had difficulty getting pregnant; this medical breakthrough, known as In-vitro fertilization, or IVF, since Louise Joy Brown’s birth had only grown in ease and the amount of people that use this technology is at an all-time high. The CDC (2014) stated on their website that, “Number of women ages 15-44 who have ever used infertility services: 7.4 million.” This is a massive number of people that use this service. In-vitro fertilization’s advancement in medical technology allows people to have children despite any physical disability, relationship type, or even political controversy.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that louise joy brown, the world's first successful 'test-tube' baby, was born in great britain on july 25, 1978. in-vitro fertilization is a medical breakthrough that allows people to have children despite any physical disability, relationship type, or political controversy.
- Explains that disabilities are the number one reason women and couples use in-vitro fertilization.
- Explains that physical disabilities can lead to difficulties with siring a child. staff sargent matayka lost both of his legs, spinal injuries in two places, and brain trauma. they sought fertility treatment, which tricare didn't cover.
- Illustrates the matayka family's struggle to have children despite a physical disability, such as the loss of their legs and spinal injuries, using in-vitro fertilization.
- Explains that in-vitro fertilization is not only for the physically impared, but also for couples and people who can't have children by their own means.
- Explains that in-vitro can be used by men during service or just on a typical day. bonnie rochman (2011) asked if it should be allowed for women to have their spouse donate sperm for ivf.
- Explains that while in-vitro is used by many, it is not liked by all; the procedure does not follow religion. man is trying to take the place of god by making babies.
- Explains that infertility treatments have changed over the years since louise joy brown was born as the first successful baby from in-vitro in 1978. over 7.6 million women between the ages of fifteen and forty-four use ivf services.
- Citesadvanced fertility center of chicago, cdc, and national center for health statistics.
- Explains that rochman, b., should men be allowed to father children after they’re dead.
- Opines that christians should use in vitro fertilisation (ivf) and other methods of assisted reproduction.
991 wordsRead More - America Needs to Perform Embryonic Researchanalytical essayWoods, E.C. 1988. The future of in vitro fertilization. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 541: 715-721. World Medical Association. 1985. Interim Statement on Ethical Aspects of in vitro Fertilization. World Medical Association.
In this essay, the author
- Explains why embryo cryopreservation is preferred over sperm/ovum donation and other methods of fertilization.
- Argues that embryo research should be restricted to "spare embryos" because the research industry views them as an instrumental means to knowledge.
- Explains that embryo freezing is a scientific technique that utilizes extremely cold temperatures to freeze or suspend an organism for storage and ultimately future use.
- Explains that cryopreservation maximizes the benefits of ivf in at least three ways.
- Opines that research on embryos created for research purposes alone is acceptable only if strict guidelines are followed and approved by ethical boards.
- Summarizes bonnicksen, caplan, freemann, trounson, and kirby's report on human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.
2418 wordsRead More - IVF and the New Eugenicsanalytical essayThe addition of a child into a family’s home is a happy occasion. Unfortunately, some families are unable to have a child due to unforeseen problems, and they must pursue other means than natural pregnancy. Some couples adopt and other couples follow a different path; they utilize in vitro fertilization or surrogate motherhood. The process is complicated, unreliable, but ultimately can give the parents the gift of a child they otherwise could not have had. At the same time, as the process becomes more and more advanced and scientists are able to predict the outcome of the technique, the choice of what child is born is placed in the hands of the parents. Instead of waiting to see if the child had the mother’s eyes, the father’s hair or Grandma’s heart problem, the parents and doctors can select the best eggs and the best sperm to create the perfect child. Many see the rise of in vitro fertilization as the second coming of the Eugenics movement of the 19th and early 20th century. A process that is able to bring joy to so many parents is also seen as deciding who is able to reproduce and what child is worthy of birthing.
In this essay, the author
- Describes the process of in vitro fertilization as the second coming of the eugenics movement of 19th and early 20th century.
- Explains that 2.1 million married couples experience troubles with infertility. in vitro fertilization tries to eliminate the problems inherent in the mother and father.
- Describes the process of harvesting eggs and combining them with a man's sperm outside of the body to bypass the problems that cause infertility.
- Explains that as science continues to discover more about human genetics, the entire sequence of human genes is being able to be understood.
- Explains that embryos are examined and screened for genetic diseases before being implanted in the woman. polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization are used.
- Explains that preimplantation genetic testing was developed to screen for genetic linked disorders or chromosomal abnormalities that lead to health problems that cause the infant to die early in life or live a life of constant pain.
- Argues that scientists are reviving the eugenics movement that led to states passing sterilization laws for defective individuals.
- Argues that the eugenics movement's sentiment that certain individuals are fit to reproduce and that others can grow into people echoes the sentiment of the movement.
- Opines that science has granted millions of families children they otherwise wouldn't be able to conceive naturally. the potential for a resurgence of the eugenics movement is possible if preimplantation genetic diagnosis becomes accepted and commonplace.
- Analyzes harmon's article, "seeking healthy children, couples cull embryos."
- Cites henderson, mark, "first designer babies to beat breast cancer." the times 26 apr 2007.
- Explains fluorescence in situ hybridization fact sheet from the national human genome research institute.
- Opines that ivf patient numbers and success rates continue to rise. human fertlisation & embryology authority.
- Explains the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) fact sheet from the national human genome research institute.
1509 wordsRead More - Fertility Treatmentsanalytical essayFertility Treatments I. Introduction It is assumed by most that we will all be able to grow up, fall in love, get married, and then have children of our own. This is not the lifestyle that all people choose, but it is still the view accepted by the majority of society. What happens when the unthinkable occurs and a happily married couple is unable to get pregnant? This is a reality for 7.1%, or 2.8 million, of the married couples in the United States (Lenox, 1999). Today, there are many people all over the world that decide to use fertility treatments to help them conceive a child, and this often leads to the birth of twins, triplets, or even higher order multiples.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that ovulation induction therapy can cause a woman's ovary to swell up to 10 times its normal size, which results in multiple fetus pregnancy.
- Explains that the second major form of assisted reproductive technology is in vitro fertilization, which uses fertility drugs to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs.
- Opines that multiple fetuse pregnancy is an easy way to get more than one baby at a time. however, there are serious health risks that are posed to both the mother and the babies during pregnancy and after birth.
- Explains that infertility and assisted reproductive technology can be expensive for many families. in vitro fertilization costs $10,000 or more, and ovulation induction medication costs 25% as much as ivf.
- Explains that a multiple pregnancy can lead to large medical bills, and that the medical community is working on developing new strategies to reduce the increasing number of multiple births.
- Explains that multiple fetus pregnancies pose many problems for both the mother and babies if the new lives even survive. there is only one solution, aside from total pregnancy abortion, for solving the multiples pregnancy problem after implantation.
- Argues that assisted reproductive technology can help reduce the number of multiple births.
- Explains the controversial fertility issue of ovulation induction drugs, stating that it is left to the physician and eventually the patient.
- Argues that the dosages of fertility drugs should be lowered to help limit the effects. there is no easy solution to multiple birth dilemmas.
- Opines that there is hope that the future will find a good compromise between the extremes of the fertility drug argument.
- Explains that ovulation induction using fertility drugs alone and in vitro fertilization (ivf) are the two main forms of assisted reproductive therapy.
- Explains ovulation induction through different forms of fertility drugs is the most common type of assisted reproductive therapy. the drug clomiphene allows more than one egg to mature during the menstrual cycle.
- Explains that pregnancy is a natural condition, but it can be very taxing on the woman's body. multiple fetuse pregnancies pose many health risks for both the mother and the infants involved.
- Cites the american college of obstetrics and gynecology (acog). multifetal pregnancy reduction.
- Explains that multiple pregnancy is a safer method for selective reduction in high-order multiple gestations.
- Analyzes how lenox, naomi, and malpani, dr. a&a, debated the ethics and dangers of multiple births.
3796 wordsRead More - In Vitro Fertilization Argumentative Essaycomparative essayIn the World, there are a lot of couples who are unfortunate and are unable to be able to give birth to children, making them infertile. There are a lot of different methods of contraceptives that infertile parents can use to have a baby, but the one I will be talking about today is IVF: In-vitro fertilization. There are hundreds of thousands of test tube babies living in the world right now, and is a very known method of having babies. According to the Centres for Disease Control (CDC), in the year 2002, about 2%, which is 1.2 million of the 62 million American Women, had a doctor’s appointment related to infertility, and most of those appointments were for IVF. (Source: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/babies-today/) The IVF treatment was invented in order to grant infertile couples the happiness of having a child, however, it is when fertilization occurs outside the body. On Average, 1 in 8 American couples experience infertility, and 1.1 million of these peo...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that with an increasing knowledge and understanding of the natural world including ourselves, we are now in a position to manage not only our environment but also our own biology including our reproduction.
- Explains that while japan and germany worry about a falling birth rate and an aging population, other countries such as china and india are trying to increase the life expectancy of their people and reduce birth rates.
- Explains that infertile couples are unable to conceive naturally and seek medical help. in-vitro fertilization is an effective contraceptive.
- Explains that in vitro fertilization is a major treatment of infertile couples, and is done when other methods of contraception have failed.
- Explains the process of in vitro fertilization, wherein the sperm and eggs are mixed together in a petri dish or test tube.
- Explains that the ivf treatment is effective and has resulted in over 190,000 live births over the years.
- Compares the pros and cons of ivf, stating that it has raised moral issues and disrupted religious beliefs.
- Explains that the catholic church does not support ivf because it separates the unitive and the procreative aspects of marriage.
- Explains that ivf treatment is a business that allows doctors and surgeons to earn money, but it also shows the economic gap of the world.
- Concludes that the ivf treatment is a very efficient contraceptive, and is reliable. in the world right now, there are more than 190,000 babies that were born using it.
1573 wordsRead More - Rights and Issues of Procreationexplanatory essayIn addition to artificial insemination, the process of in-vitro fertilization has raised some major controversies that are centered on whether it is morally acceptable to meddle in the reproduction process. As part of the process of medically assisted procreation, in-vitro fertilization and its associated therapeutic approaches are used to enable infertile and untreatable couples to have children. The most common form of in-vitro fertilization is intracytoplasmic sperm injection, which enables clinicians to palliate most of masculine pathologies in order to deal with male infertility. While in-vitro fertilization has helped in dealing with male and female infertility, there are several potential risks associated with it including embryonic decrease, multiple pregnancies, cloning, risk of transmission of infectious disease, choice of donors, and donor motivation (Germond, n.d.). These issues emerge from the fact that the process involves the practice of surrogacy, a third party through genetic material donation, cryopreservation of and experiments on pre-embryos, and genetic manipulation.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that procreation has attracted huge concerns and debates in the recent past, especially because of the development of modern reproductive assistance technology. artificial insemination has generated huge controversies.
- Explains that in-vitro fertilization and its associated therapeutic approaches are used to enable infertile and untreatable couples to have children.
- Explains that abortion has become a major controversial issue that has generated differing opinions from pro-life supporters and prochoice advocates. access to safe abortion is an important issue to women's health and independence over their bodies.
- Explains that stem cell research and cloning are important issues in procreation. the process involves the destruction of stem cells, which could develop into fully formed human.
590 wordsRead More - Infertility and In Vitro Fertilizationexplanatory essayThe process of IVF begins with many tests to determine the quality of the reproductive organs of the woman (IVF - the risks). Next, the woman is given a prescription of four different type’s medicines to be administered via varying sizes of needles. This medic...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the catholic church views ivf as a grievous sin because it removes the congenial act of procreation.
- Opines that the medical process has helped bring their wife and i closer and renewed our hope of a biological family.
- Explains that in vitro fertilization (ivf) is a medical procedure used to help infertile couples conceive.
- Explains that judaism relies on biblical commandments of be fruitful and multiply and the references that the world was not created to be desolate.
- Opines that people can abuse this tool that has helped thousands of couples realize their dreams of a biological child, but should the scrupulous be punished?
- Explains that the nobel prize ignores the ethics of ivf.
- Cites ivf.net's "ivf ethics questionnaire [results]." the human fertilisation and embryology act receives royal assent.
3316 wordsRead More