Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers
I-function and AI
The idea of creative and intelligent nonhumans is at once exciting and extremely useful. Wouldn't it be great to have a computer assistant that could anticipate your needs, or come up with novel solutions on its own? Scientists have often compared the function of the nervous system to computer programming, but does this comparison translate to an actual causal relationship? The way physics describes communication between computer parts in a binary system remarkably resembles the communications between neurons in the body. When considering the brain, science only looks at the physical components. If this physicality is sufficient to explain behavior then we can recreate this mechanism artificially in a computer. Thus, on the surface creating a computer that also shares the human behavior of intelligence and functions of the mind seems possible.
To explore the possibilities of artificial intelligence, AI, this paper will consist of four sections. First, we will examine how computer programs and AI systems work. Then, the possibility of comparing these to the mind will be explored. A criterion for intelligence and consciousness will be derived with which to evaluate AI. Finally, the standards will be applied to current AI programs and tests. In conclusion, future for AI will be explored.
Computers and Programming
Computer programming breaks down to a simple code of on and off circuits, 1's and 0's-- binary code. AI addresses the cognitive skills of solving problems, learning and understanding language (4). Researchers use weak AI as a tool for merely modeling mind systems, whereas strong AI is a mind itself and presents its own set of cognitive explanations (6). AI systems of artificial neural fields compose response rules for themselves based on notions of the present situation. Expert systems, another branch of AI, consist of a knowledge base and a reasoning engine. Systems perform specific tasks by applying the built in knowledge to the task with an interference engine, a reasoning structure (4). Processing relies on rule-based system of if-then statements to form a line of reasoning. The programming of chess programs such as Deep Blue uses this type of limited intellectual mechanisms (5).
Other AI programs try to mimic human understanding in language. Weizenbaum's ELIZA program models human communication by engaging in conversation, through asking questions based on responses of a user (6). Another program by Schank simulates human understanding of a story and answers implicit questions about it given a representation of the information presented in the story.
In this paper I will evaluate and present A.M. Turing’s test for machine intelligence and describe how the test works. I will explain how the Turing test is a good way to answer if machines can think. I will also discuss Objection (4) the argument from Consciousness and Objection (6) Lady Lovelace’s Objection and how Turing responded to both of the objections. And lastly, I will give my opinion on about the Turing test and if the test is a good way to answer if a machine can think.
“Bernie Madoff began investing in penny stocks in 1960, and due to his impressive work ethic, received several big breaks. The first of which was his father in-law loaning him $50,000 to invest, and soon after, Carl Shapiro, a man who made his fortune in women’s clothing gave Madoff $100,000 to invest on his behalf” (Collins 2011). With this kick-start, Bernie quickly began making a name for him, especially as he promised clients a guaranteed 20% annual return on investment. This, coupled with his firm’s adoption of the latest technology made them a tour-de-force in the investment world. But what makes his eventual downfall more interesting is that he was not just a crook, Madoff did manage a successful, and legitimate brokerage firm. To some extent, the credibility he earned from these legitimate busines...
Ponzi schemes are a continuing problem in the investment world and can only be stopped if the Securities and Exchange Commission does better safe guarding investors’ money. This paper will address Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi scheme and how he was able to steal billions of dollars from investors. The reasons why the SEC responded so slowly to Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi scheme, and what can be done in the future to make sure another Ponzi scheme of this magnitude does not happen again. Also included in this paper will be examples of good and bad leadership theories.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the newest fields in Science and Engineering. Work started in earnest soon after World War II, and the name itself was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy. Artificial Intelligence is an art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people [Kurzweil, 1990]. It encompasses a huge variety of subfields, ranging from general (learning and perception) to the specific, such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on the crowded street, and diagnosing diseases. Artificial Intelligence is relevant to any intellectual task; it is truly a Universal field. In future, intelligent machines will replace or enhance human’s capabilities in
It is necessary to look at the development of artificial intelligence in order to put this idea into context. The concept of intelligent and aware constructs began to emerge in the 1950s and 60s as several scientists in many fields came together to discuss the possibilities of advanced computer research. The first major step was a scientific conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. Here, the general concepts and possible paths of research for a.i. were fleshed out. As described in Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, this conference was “the birth of artificial intelligence.” This was mostly a theoretical stage yet attending experts predicted that with a huge investment, working technology could be available in a generation (16). After being officially established, a.i. research and discovery exploded. Computer programs, a brand new idea, were already conquering algebra problems and speech recognition. Some could even reproduce English (18). It was clear that artificial intelligence research was going to be at the fo...
Cheerleaders need skill along with athleticism now there is someone on the cheerleaders sides; Academy of Pediatrics fight for cheerleading to be considered a sport. “The goal is to reduce injuries among cheerleaders and to ensure the same attention to safety is paid to cheerleaders as to athletes in other sports” (S-P-O-R-T). “After all there are 3.7 Million cheerleaders reported at the age of 6 and up, why don 't they deserve the attention? Why don 't they deserve classification of a sport?” (S-P-O-R-T).
Cheerleading is and should be considered a sport. Cheerleading practices are as frequent and difficult as any other sport. Cheerleaders are drug tested before being able to participate in practices. Performing at pep rallies and games can be a difficult task. Cheerleaders’ grades are observed and meant to be kept up. Cheerleading has standards they are held to and a handbook to follow. Sideline cheerleading, though it may not be played against anyone, still is and should be considered a
One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the imitation game, since it is basically a game in which a computer imitates a conversating human. In an analysis of the Turing Test I will focus on its features, its historical background and the evaluation of its validity and importance.
Artificial intelligence is known as “the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it” (“Artificial Intelligence”, 2012). These so called machines usually recognize their environment and take actions that will likely be successful. After WWII many people began working on these intelligent machines. Mathematician, Alan Turing, was one of the first after giving a lecture in 1947. His theory suggested that a machine “could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction (“Artificial Intelligence,” 2010).
This world of artificial intelligence has the power to produce many questions and theories because we don’t understand something that isn’t possible. “How smart’s an AI, Case? Depends. Some aren’t much smarter than dogs. Pets. Cost a fortune anyway. The real smart ones are as smart as the Turing heat is willing to let ‘em get.” (Page 95) This shows that an artificial intelligence can be programmed to only do certain ...
Maurer, Tracy Nelson. Competitive Cheerleading. 1st ed. Vero Beach, Florida: Rourke Publishing LLC, 2006. Print.
With the help of Madoff’s father, a retired accountant, the company attracted investors and scored an amazing client list. "Madoff Investment Securities” grew famous for its reliable annual returns of ten p...
In considering the definitions and implications of Artificial Intelligence, many philosophers have reached extremely different conclusions. Alan Turing, author of the Turing Test, believed that an intelligent machine would be able to imitate perfectly a human. Margaret Boden, Professor of Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Sussex, contends that a machine is intelligent if it possesses and displays certain human values. Moving away from the pure...
Humans have developed a wonderful fascination with artificial intelligence since it first introduced to the world in the 1950’s. The Merriam-Webster defined Artificial Intelligence as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers.” Another definition is “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.” Computer science was cool on its own but to incorporate human intelligence into it sounded like a ground breaking idea. There would be no limit to what humans can do with intelligent machines and computer programming. In the 1950s this type of technology seemed far beyond a scientists’ lifetime but almost 70 years later, scientists/researchers are able to have artificial as part
Therewithal some scientists defined the artificial intelligence as a system, which can understand the structure of human thinking and can behave similar to them, in other word, developing a computer system that is able to imitate human’s behavior.