I Remember When…
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There's a standing joke in our family, or rather between my sister and I. It usually comes up at family get-togethers, about the time that we're all trying to decide what to do, where to go, or what to eat. Mom will say something like, "let's have that spaghetti casserole with turnip greens that I made at last summer's get-together, we all enjoyed it so much." Jackie and I will exchange a look that says, "gross, we hated that," and invariably Mom, seeing the look pass between us, will say in utter seriousness, "no, no. I DISTINCTLY REMEMBER. We all loved that casserole."
What continually amuses both Jackie and I, is the degree of confidence with which Mom remembers the same event we do, but so differently. How can people be so certain and yet so mistaken about events in our own histories?
And yet, it happens time and again, and not just in my family. The observation that episodic memory retrieval is vulnerable to distortion has been documented thoroughly. Even the pattern of errors can be predicted with some reliability. (1)
In order to situate "episodic memory," it's useful to know several distinctions in memory research. The most basic one is between brief and enduring memories, called short-term memories (STM) (or working memory, WM), and long-term memory (LTM). Within LTM, there are qualitative distinctions, such as between explicit and implicit, and declarative and procedural -- both of these distinctions have to do with consciousness about the memory. Explicit/declarative memory encompasses facts, figures, and all of conscious memory. Its what we commonly refer to as memory. (2) This type of memory is flexible, fast, and specialized for one-time learning. (3) Procedural/implicit memory is thought to be the most durable memory, and encompasses learned habits, skills and things that you "know" but don't consciously think about.
Jackson amazed the country with his sharp strategy in battle. His go-getter attitude also seemed to amaze the American people since he was a common man with no formal military training. The win over New Orleans put Andrew onto the map politically for his road to the White
...s a great president in his time. He spoke out for the American people and changed U.S. History forever. Not all of his actions were what would be considered moral today, and some were questionable even during his time. Yet, he acted as no other president had done so and wanted to have a government without corruption for the people. Andrew Jackson was born out of hardship and war, but he went on to achieve greatness.
Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991. Clark, Larry. A. A. "*******your essay ideas*******." E-Mail message. 10 March 1996.
Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States and was one of the most controversial presidents ever. Jackson initially gained national fame through his role in the War of 1812, where he led a victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans. Three year laters, Jackson invaded the Spanish-Florida territory which directed to the Adams-Onis Treaty. Although Andrew Jackson proved to be a great military strategist, his unneeded hostility, which was brought out in the Spoils System, the Indian Removal Act, and the ongoing feud with the National Bank, ultimately classify him as poor president.
Many historians love Andrew Jackson, putting him on a high pedestal. He did grow up in poverty, making an immense switch and becoming a well known and powerful lawyer and young politician. Now I can’t argue that he played a major role during his time; he was a leading figure on many issues such as when war decided to come between Britain and the United States. However, many historians don’t step back and truly look at what he did or what his motives were. He was a highly popular president, but a “very dangerous man”, according to Thomas Jefferson; because of this he should not be known as one of the top influential people in America.
Andrew Jackson was born on March 15th, 1767 in the state of Virginia. He was a slave owner from the south who was highly passionate but also had an uncontrollable temper. He was a different kind of leader, very outspoken, enthusiastic and wanted things done his way. The historical context of Andrew Jackson’s presidency should be taken into account because the 19th century was a horrendous place in terms of racism and slavery. At that time, the notion of slavery and not giving the slaves equal or any rights was considered to be the norm in most of the southern states because they made profits off of slavery. Since President Jackson was from
From serving in the Revolutionary War and getting captured with his brother and becoming orphaned at such a young age, to becoming our nation’s seventh president and being loved by so many, his legacy will live on. “The Age of Jackson” helped shape the national agenda that we lacked and also fix our American policies that we did not enforce. From believing that the president’s authority was derived by the people and made it for the people and by the people, started the idea of the spoils system, and started the power to veto, he made a tremendous impact on our society today that you would have to see it to believe it. Jackson is a very historical
Andrew Jackson was a controversial man. He was greatly admired by many, but despised by others. Andrew Jackson was raised by his father and also lived along with his brother. His mother died shortly after giving birth. He grew up poor and right in the mist of the American Revolution. He fought in the Revolutionary War at thirteen years of age. He went on to become a lawyer and then moved to Tennessee where in met his wife. Later in life he became a delegate or the Tennessee Constitutional Convention, then a United States representative, followed by serving as a Tennessee senator. He later became a judge of Tennessee superior court. He then became a major general for Tennessee militia where he wins over many of the colonist at the victory of the New Orleans war. He becomes a great conqueror in the eyes of Americans people. However, high class people do not appreciate his unruly attitudes. Then it all comes down to the presidency. How he received the honor, what he did with it, and what people thought about his actions.
Andrew Jackson was one of the most controversial presidents that has governed the United States, both historically and while he was the leader of the country. Like many Americans during the time he was born, Andrew Jackson was born to Scottish and Irish immigrant parents on March 15, 1767. It is unclear for certain which, but Jackson was born in one of the Carolinas, which at the time were British colonies. Jackson was raised as a child of the frontier, and likewise received the type of sporadic education that most children got at the time, with formal primary education being years away. Jackson would become an orphan in the American Revolution, and gained early experience in battle, foreshadowing his future military career. In the years after the war, Jackson would study law for a time, becoming a traveling lawyer on the frontier. He would also rise in prominence and gain wealth through the purchase of land and slaves, becoming a planter as well as a merchant and lawyer. At the same time as he acquired affluence, Jackson delved into politics, becoming a delegate to the constitutional convention for the state of Tennessee, where he was living. In a quick timeframe, Jackson would go from this position to a representative in the House for his state to becoming a U.S. senator representing Tennessee (Tregle, Joseph G., Jr.).
The first one is procedural memory. Procedural memory is when we recall how to do certain actions or operations such as riding a bike or running. We usually form procedural memory at an early age when we start to learn how to talk or walk. Episodic memory is also a type of long-term memory. It helps us recall special events and episodes and when and where they happened.
Our memory is made up of many different types of memories; episodic, semantic, and implicit. Episodic memory is the remembrance of a certain event. An example of this
The human brain consists of many subsystems within the long-term memory. One of which is episodic memory. Episodic Memory is the remembrance of a phenomenal personal experience in terms of what, when, and where. This memory begins by retrieving information such as, words, objects, or faces; using this knowledge the episodic memory finds links and slowly transitions into recalling the complete memoir.
This paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be "authoritative" but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated.
...pporting details. At the conclusion of the article, the authors share their thoughts on how it might be virtually impossible to determine when a memory is true or false. I also like their willingness to continue the investigations despite how difficult it might be to obtain concrete answers.
Memory is the tool we use to learn and think. We all use memory in our everyday lives. Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. We all reassure ourselves that our memories are accurate and precise. Many people believe that they would be able to remember anything from the event and the different features of the situation. Yet, people don’t realize the fact that the more you think about a situation the more likely the story will change. Our memories are not a camcorder or a camera. Our memory tends to be very selective and reconstructive.