I/O Control Methods
In computers, input/output or I/O is the communication between an information processing system such as a computer and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to perform I/O is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are used by a person or other system to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or a mouse may be an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices for a computer. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output. Example for input devices are: Mouse and keyboard, and for output devices are printers and monitors. Because of the different in control methods among various kinds of I/O devices, it is ineffective to try to connect them directly to the system bus, but we can dedicated I/O modules to serve as interfaces between the C...
These devices are attached to the motherboard through different connections. The output devices like monitors and printers can be used by a file server to show different files or print hard copies of files. These devices take the data from the computer and put it into a format that users can read and understand. I would like to take a moment here and go over the different kinds of monitors that a person can use as an output device. The first is the regular CRT monitors are heavy and use a lot of electric power to display objects, but are preferred by graphical artist for the color rendition. Then there are the flat panel monitors, which can use liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or a plasma display. These displays use electronically at each pixel to control the color. The input devices like a keyboards and a mouse. These inputs take the movements from the users and turn it into data that the computer can understand. (Beach,
SOCs integrate capabilities to connect the SOC to external memory devices and nonvolatile storage devices using glue-less interfaces. Glue-less is a term used to indicate that there is no additional logic needed to connect the two devices, for example, connect the SOC to DDR DRAM. In addition to attaching to memory devices, an SOC provides segment- or application-specific interfaces. Examples of integrated devices are general purpose input/output pins, interfaces such as Ethernet, USB, PCIe, serial ports, I2C, expansion parallel buses, and integrated display controllers. Many of these devices interface to nonvolatile storage such as NOR Flash via Serial Peripheral Interconnect (SPI), and native bus interface types. As a general rule, these integrated items are predominantly digital logic elements. Because we need to add analog capabilities, features such as flash memory and digital/analog converters are common, but these capabilities require special features of the silicon manufacturing process.
The computer that we use in our homes and places of business usually consists of a box containing the computer, a mouse, a couple of disks with drivers, a monitor for output and a keyboard for input. We may connect the computer to any number of local or remote peripherals of other computers, but here is the foundation of the computer. It is here that everything starts, and here is where all of the innovations and ideas of the present day have been started. For the moment let's assume that sufficient processing takes place inside the computer, and look at how things get in and out.
It means design specific cognitive activities and application of those ideas during the process of designing. IDEO team uses Divergent and Convergent thinking in all the phases. Through divergent thinking, they have a broad set of ideas which are then funneled with convergent thinking.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is essential to the world of computer networking. The model was created in 1977 by the International Standards Committee, in response to a difficulty that was facing computer networkers at the time (Shelly, Cashman, and Serwatka 142). In order to understand the difficulty, one must first realize that computer networks consist of computer hardware, the software that is to be used in conjunction with this hardware, and the medium (such as wiring or cabling) that will interconnect the computing devices that are in the network. The computer networker’s job is to determine which hardware, software, and medium types will create the network that will best suit his client’s needs. Then, the networker must combine these elements into a functional system of interconnected computers (Fortino and Villeneuve 112). It was in attempting this latter task that the computer networker of the late 1970s often found himself in a pickle. The problem was that each vendor of computing equipment had developed his own unique set of products; products that were incompatible with the products of other vendors. This incompatibility made it very difficult for a computer networker to combine the various network components into an operational computer network (Stamper 27).
This memorandum will attempt to explain the Open Systems Interconnection Model, known more simply as the OSI Model. The OSI Model has seven levels, and these levels will be discussed in detail. Particular mention will be made to which level TCP/IP functions with the OSI Model.
At the outset, before the advent of user friendly operating systems, computers were run using the operating system CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers). The program itself looked simple, but the complexity of its use meant that not many fully understood how to use it. As the program was also limited in use, since it was designed for 8-bit systems, a new operating system was needed when 16-bit IBM systems came out.
Input devices are common peripherals such as a mouse, keyboard etc. An output device would be objects such as a TV projector/monitor or a printer. However, with computers they only can handle data/information that is in a digitalised format, which means it much be converted, however with outputted devices they read data in an analogue form so it needs to be converted back to this format before it can be read, some of this information was taken from, (BBC Guides,
rules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocols are carried out by sending
Science and technology constantly evolving and changing. The latest released product will surpassed the earliest. The earliest will only become a history. Therefore, computer scientist are striving to develop and finding the newest and ideal to fulfill the need of users. This assignment aimed to identify the computer components, its function, its importance as well as the latest and the future technologies of the pointing devices, central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk controller, disk, and monitor.
Each type of central processing unit is designed to understand a specific group of instructions called the instruction set. This set has an architecture known as instruction set architecture (ISA). An instruction set architecture (ISA) is the interface between the computer's software and hardware and also can be viewed as the programmer's view of the machine. It defines the codes that a central processor reads and acts upon. An interface is a shared boundary across which two separate components of a computer
An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. The operating system programs make system resources available to user(s), the user’s application programs and to other application programs running on the computer. (From Silberschatz and Gagne et al., 2010)
In the current century, almost everyone are using computers and devices with computing capability. For instance, one can send and receive e-mail messages from handheld devices (such as mobile phones, or PDAs), participate in online games simultaneously with other game players over
Computers are very complex and have many different uses. This makes for a very complex system of parts that work together to do what the user wants from the computer. The purpose of this paper is to explain a few main components of the computer. The components covered are going to be system units, Motherboards, Central Processing Units, and Memory. Many people are not familiar with these terms and their meaning. These components are commonly mistaken for one and other.
We all use output devices in our normal day to day life, most of us use them a lot more than we may realize now that we are in school. An output device is any processing equipment used to communicate the results of data carried out by a computer or other processing devices which turns information into an easier form for us to read. (Wikipedia).