There are different facets to hypoxia in the human body. A hypoxic situation can be localized to one region one region or generalized to affect the entire body. Additionally, it can be pathological or just an adaptive mechanism that the body uses to regain homeostasis. Traveling to higher altitudes, strenuous exercise, deep sea diving are all examples of normal, non-pathological, generalized hypoxic conditions. A very well known pathological and deleterious example of localized hypoxia is in cancerous tumor growth.
Tumor hypoxia occurs because of the rapid growth and proliferation of cancer cells; the blood supply and thus the oxygen levels cannot keep up with the growth. Which seems as though this would confer a beneficial protective mechanism for the infected individual; if the cancer were starved of oxygen than it should stop proliferating right? Wrong. As amazing as the human body is at maintaining homeostasis without any input or effort to the human on the conscious level, this feature does not just keep humans alive, but allows for damaging processes to occur silently in the body as well. Cancer cells have the ability to alter their metabolism in these hypoxic situations that allows the other wise vulnerable cells to now stay viable. One of the ways tumor cells adapt is through the up regulation of transcription factors such as Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIF’s), for example.
HIF-2α is a heterodimeric transcription factor with a beta subunit identified as an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator (ARNT). Under normal conditions the HIF-2α subunits are hydroxylated in an iron dependent manner, on two key prolyl-residues by specific prolyl-hydroxylazes. HIF-2α’s are then recognized by the Hippel-Linadau protein (VH...
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...it the tumorgenicity high in the cascade. Although in theory this seemed to be a good idea, in research, this proved to lack specificity and decreased expression of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α, even though HIF-1α does not have an IRE-binding domain. Thus, drawing back on the findings of John McMillian from the seminar series, the discovery of the hydrophobic hole in the core of the HIF-2α protein, can promote further efforts to target and block HIF-2α through binding this core, which would be more specific to HIF-2α vs HIF-1α. Additionally, agents can be designed to not only bind and inhibit conformational changes of this protein but also play a role in down regulating the VHL pathway due to the high prevalence of mutations in this pathway. This would confer both efficacy and specificity in targeting HIF-2α and giving a better prognosis clinically for patients with RCC.
Also, hypoxia, which is a lack of oxygen, is another pathological physiological outcome of sepsis as less oxygen is reaching the tissue; this is due to the fact that there is less oxygen in the blood.
In the year 2010, the documentary Fat, Sick, and Nearly Dead was released. In the film, Australian native Joe Cross has realized that his health is worsening very fast. So Cross finally decides that he will turn his life around by taking an extreme diet that will deprive him of macronutrients for 60 days. Macronutrients are nutrients found in foods other than fruits and vegetables. Micronutrients are those nutrients found in fruits and vegetables. Micronutrients provide minerals such as Vitamin A, Iodine, Iron, Folate, and Zinc. While the body does not need these in large amounts, they are essential to the body because they help develop disease prevention and promote well-being. Micronutrients are important to include
During the nineteenth century a variety of alternative medical traditions became popular in the United States. There was a shift in how people began to view their physical, mental, and emotional health. A type of alternative medicine that quickly became popular in the United States and Europe was the tradition of hygeiotherapy. This form of treatment included hydropathy a type of water-cure treatment and combined that with exercise, dietary reform, sexual restraint, and any behaviors that were viewed as unhealthy.
I have decided to write about four conditions, three of which are detailed in “Survival of the Sickest”, a book written by Dr. Sharon Moalem about how genetic diseases may have evolved to help the human race survive in the past. The diseases which I chose are Hemochromatosis, Diabetes, Transposons, and Sickle cell anemia. I decided to write about hemochromatosis because of how it affects the body by overloading the body with iron, how it evolved in Vikings to minimize iron deficiencies, and how it spread across the population as the Vikings began inbreeding as they colonized Europe. I chose to write about diabetes because of how it may have evolved to prevent blood from freezing during the Last Ice Age, and because of the impact which it has on society. I wrote about transposons, despite the fact that these are not diseases, because of the role they play in the development of cancer, the way they are used in cancer research, and the way they have affected the evolution of life. Lastly, I decided to write about sickle cell anemia because of its interesting relationship with a disease which continues to run rampant in Africa.
Every year starting around May, sometimes as early as February, an enormous swath of the Gulf of Mexico loses a great amount of oxygen, making some areas inhospitable to marine life. These oxygen-depleted conditions stay until September, sometimes even October. This annual occurrence is referred to as the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia or “dead zone.” Hypoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico are defined when levels of dissolved oxygen drop bellows 2mg/L (Hypoxia In the Northern Gulf of Mexico 2014). While dead zones occur naturally throughout the world, the hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico is greatly exacerbated by human actions. These hypoxic and sometimes even anoxic conditions drive away marine life and can even kill those that are sessile or linger too long and find themselves unable to escape.
Although the comorbidities and type of surgery dictate certain decisions in managing patient care, anesthesiologists maintain various modalities for the perioperative period. These consist of anything from local to regional anesthesia, including neuraxial techniques and peripheral nerve blocks, as well as monitored anesthesia care with sedation to general anesthesia. Overlapping of different anesthetic types and combinations of regional analgesics to supplement general anesthesia occur frequently.
Being hypothermic or having frostbite on any part of your body can be very dangerous. This is an interesting topic because it can happen to anyone at anytime and if your are not prepared for it, it can be life threatening. If you are just going out to play in the snow and you are not dressed warm enough or all your skin is not covered frostbite can develop and you are at risk of hypothermia. Even if it is not snowing and there is not a cloud in the sky you can develop hypothermia if it is cold enough. If you are going to go hiking or skiing you will want to be aware of what hypothermia is and what to do if you get frostbite as this can result in the amputation of limbs and fingers. When skiing up in Vermont over Christmas break while going down the mountain my fingers started hurting and they were very cold. My dad and I were going down to the base of mountain, it was our final run of the day. We were skiing in negative 20 degree weather. This sparked my interest in hypothermia and frostbite because if we had not decided to get off the mountain frostbite developed on my hands and fingers and I would have run the risk of maybe getting them amputated. The purpose of writing this paper is to show how dangerous and lethal hypothermia and frostbite are if not taken care of properly.
The cell cycle is the process by which cells progress and divide. In normal cells, the cell cycle is controlled by a complex series of signaling pathways by which a cell grows, replicates it’s DNA and divides, these are called proto-oncogenes. A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations. This process has mechanisms to ensure that errors are corrected, if they are not, the cells commit suicide (apoptosis). This process is tightly regulated by the genes within a cell’s nucleus. In cancer, as a result of genetic mutations, this process malfunctions, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation. Mutations in proto-oncogene or in a tumour suppressor gene allow a cancerous cell to grow and divide without the normal control imposed by the cell cycle. A change in the DNA sequence of the proto-oncogene gives rise to an oncogene, which
My sister, Kathy, was diagnosed with cancer in 2013. I was shocked because my sister was always the healthy one among all us girls, the type of cancer, Kathy called colon cancer, Cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon. Most oncogene mutations of indisputable normal genes designate proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes determine the “excellent” genes that usually rule what cell do and the way typically it distribute. Once a factor mutates (changes) into cell, it come back a "hurtful" factor that may become usefulness on or activated once it's not believe to be. Once this occurs, the cell becomes out of management, which might pass to cancer. As scientists learn additional throughout oncogenes, they will be powerful to develop a medication that inhibits or restrain them.
As an inducer of HIF-1 production, it’s been used to study the apoptotic effects in HepG2 cells.
The respiratory system has six major areas that works together that allows the body to breathe, prevent choking, and not to allow harmful debris to enter the respiratory system are some of the functions that the respiratory system does. The respiratory system is divided into two regions, the upper and lower respiratory. The upper respiratory consists of the Nose (nasal) and Pharynx while the lower respiratory embodies the rest of the system which includes the Larynx, Trachea, Bronchioles and Lungs. The information provided will be done by three individuals the upper respiratory tract will be provided by Mr. David Brown, the lower respiratory tract will be given by Ms. Brianna Agee and the infectious diseases will be provided by Mr. Derrek Woods.
Cancer has been seen in humans as one the most potentially fatal disease for thousands of years and only in the recent couple of hundred years have we discovered that most information necessary to bring us to today’s understanding and knowledge (Kenny 2007, Weinberg 1996) was achieved by extensive research of cells, DNA, and epidemiology studies. As we know, currently cancer is acknowledged as having over a hundred different diseases, and is known to be the result of mutations of the genes and almost similar DNA which are responsible for the amount of cell division and production (Kenny 2007). Restraint of cell growth modulators can be a direct lead and result of certain tumours being developed and subsequently allow these tumours to acquire the ability to attack and occupy the bloodstream and essentially be able to travel via the bloodstream to other parts and organs in human bodies which is known as metastasis (Loeb et Al 2003). Once this has occurred , the cancer is then categorized as malicious and becomes a dangerous and serious threat to the carrier (Weinberg 1996). In this essay I will describe and explain the process of this and how our genes mutate and lead to metastasis of cancer cells.
During internal respiration, energy, known as ATP, is also released. This is used in many reactions within the cells. Energy needed by the body is stored in food and the process of tissue respiration releases this energy. The oxygen oxidises glucose and produces energy. This is known as aerobic respiration. The equation for the oxidation of glucose is;
Sleep is a very important factor in the human function. Our body and brain is able to reset itself and rejuvenate while we sleep. When we do not get the required amount of sleep, we start to feel lethargic and foggy minded, because our mind and body wasn’t able to replenish itself. Sleep is imperative that an insignificant rest deficiency or lack of sleep can affect our ability to remember things; decisions and can affect our temperament. Chronic sleep deficiency can get the body to feel agitated and it could lead to serious health problems such as, heart problems, stress, acne, and obesity.
The history of hypnosis is full of contradiction. One can compare it to that of breathing; as hypnosis, breathing is an intrinsic and universal trait, shared and experienced by all human beings since the dawn of time, but it has been only decades that man has come to study and appreciate its immense importance (Kihlstorm 1). Hence, continuingly preserving its relevance to breathing, "[h]ypnosis itself hasn't changed for millennia, but our understanding of it and our ability to control it has changed quite profoundly. The history of hypnosis, then, is really the history of this change in perception"(Kihlstorm 1). It has always been present, while it is a naturally occurring state of your body, yet it is has just recently been dissected and experimented upon to truly comprehend its proper purpose and power. "Ancient Chinese, Hindu, and Egyptian texts all mention healing procedures that are hypnotic inductions by any other name"(Walkin 4), therefore the roots of hypnosis have come a long ways. During these times, the practice was preformed, yet with no scientific explanation, consequently resulting in the rumor of demonic, or spiritual work. After modernization and industrialization began to replace and extinguish all non- proven techniques, including hypnosis, hypnosis took several decades until its next prosperous upspring. The first application of hypnosis on the medical field can be credited to the famous Franz Mesmer as his work "can be seen as both the last flourish of 'occult' hypnosis and the first flourish of the 'scientific' view point. Mesmer was the first to propose a rational basis for the effects of hypnosis" (Walkin 16). Mesmer allowed hypnosis to flourish once again, but in order to be accepted amongst the new 'enlig...