1.1 Background of the study
The global burden and threat of non-communicable diseases constitutes a major public health challenge that undermines social and economic development throughout the world(1). Even though non-communicable diseases predominantly exist in high- income countries, there is a rising epidemic concern of it in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), that includes cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension, cancer and metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity(2). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), ischemic heart disease and heart failure are of particular concern(3). Hypertension is defined as a persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure with systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg or greater and/or a diastolic blood
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Hypertension is the driver of the cardiovascular disease epidemic in Africa where it is a major independent risk factor for heart failure, stroke and kidney failure(15). By 2025, almost three-quarters of people with hypertension will be living in developing countries(16).
In Ethiopia, according to WHO recent estimated prevalence of raised blood pressure in Africa, 33.7% of men and 33.2% of women have hypertension, but there are a little number of studies have done concerning hypertension(17). Some studies done in Gondar, Bedelle, and Durame towns shows that there was a high prevalence of hypertension and some of them were nearly similar with WHO estimation; i.e. 28.3%,16.9%, and 22.4% respectively(11, 14, 17-19).
These rising prevalence of hypertension in even low- and middle-income countries was due to different risk factors. Mass migration from rural to urban areas and lifestyle changes associated with civilization may explain the apparently rising prevalence of hypertension in urban populations(20). Increasing rates of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, representing an emerging public health problem in LMICs, happen as in association with populations become older, urbanized, and lifestyle changes favor sedentary habits, physical inactivity, obesity, increasing alcohol consumption
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As a result, HPN is considered as a disease of high prevalence and low control and its inadequate treatment. It can lead to coronary heart disease (CHD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), stroke, congestive heart failure and renal failure which finally end up with 7.5 million deaths every year may be attributable to hypertension (21-22). Despite the high prevalence of hypertension and its consequences, awareness and BP control of the patients is very low worldwide. The detection rates in most high-income countries vary from 32%–64%, while in many low-income countries, the reported detection rates are significantly lower(14). The prevention and control of hypertension have not received due attention in many developing countries, although it is one of the most modifiable risk factors of for cardiovascular diseases. Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension is extremely low in these countries (23).To date, Ethiopia has no national strategy for the prevention and control of hypertension and has limited studies done on
As early as the 1800s clinicians began to take a closer look at elevated blood pressure levels, they soon found high correlation between hypertension, stroke, and other heart diseases. They also established that high levels of blood pressure effected both privilege and underprivileged, and within the years they have noted the disease have become more prevalent in the African American culture. Long term studies, such as randomized controlled trial studies, unveiled
The Mayo Clinic’s book on High Blood Pressure was full of detailed facts about blood pressure and what it is. This is extremely significant to the experiment because blood pressure is one of the variables being tested. Understanding blood pressure is one of the key components to receiving accurate results from this experiment. Most of the book is on high blood pressure, which is not necessary for the experiment, but the book still had plenty of useful information about blood pressure itself. The book explains that when the heart beats, a surge of blood is released from the left ventricle. It also tells of how arteries are blood vessels that move nutrients and oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s tissues. The aorta, or the largest artery in the heart, is connected to the left ventricle and is the main place for blood to leave the heart as the aorta branches off into many different smaller
Experts are now looking into how socioeconomic disadvantages and lifestyle factors may add to these risks. African-Americans are more likely to: be sensitive to the effects of salt on blood pressure, be overweight/obese, and are more likely to have a family history of diabetes. Other things that may make up for the difference in high blood pressure risk are: less access to health care and health care information, lower levels of education and income, lack of resources for a healthy lifestyle, stressful lifestyle from things such as unemployment and living in neighborhoods with noise, violence, and poverty, smoking and diets high in salt, fat, and sugar, and low in vegetables and fiber. There are interventions that have proven to reduce the
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure. This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans. High blood pressure contributed to more than 362,895 deaths in the United States during 2010. Approximately 67 million persons in the United States have high blood pressure, and only half of those have their condition under control. An estimated 46,000 deaths could be avoided annually if 70% of patients with high blood pressure were treated according to published guidelines (Patel, Datu, Roman, Barton, Ritchey, Wall, Loustalot; 2014).
The causes of hypertension are unknown. However; hypertension can be classified into two categories primary and secondary. Primary (essential) hypertension is increas...
As many as 73 million Americans have high blood pressure. Of the 1 in every 4 adults wi...
CHD is primarily due to atherosclerosis, which is the blockage of blood flow in the arteries due to the accumulation of fats, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. Atherosclerosis takes place over many years, but when the blood flow becomes so limited due to the build up of plaque in the arteries, there becomes a serious problem. “When...
" Journal of Clinical Hypertension 13.5 (2011): 351-56. EBSOHost.com - a. Web. The Web.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which involves progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function, is present in 26 million Americans (Lewis, 2011, pp 1170-1181). There are many causative factors of CKD. Some of these causes are environmental; that is, the prevalence of CKD is influenced by how we live as individuals. Lack of exercise and poor diet can lead to hypertension, which can lead to CKD. Although other factors are involved, lack of exercise and poor diet also increases a person’s risk for developing diabetes, which is one of the second leading causes of CKD. This paper examines a few of those causes more closely and aims to educate clinicians, and their patients, on health promotion activities that they can implement to reduce the risk of getting CKD.
Hypertension is a developing problem worldwide，associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In 2020, the world population will be approximately 7.8 billion people, and there will be 1 billon people who may be affected by hypertension (Tomson & Lip, 2005). One in three adults in the United States has high blood pressure. According to the report “Health, United States, 2010 with Special Feature on Death and Dying,” the prevalence of hypertension among adults 20 years old or older increased from 24% to 32% during 1988-1994 and 2005-2008. The African-American population has a higher prevalence of this health condition than white Americans do. In 2005 to 2008, the prevalence of hypertension among black males (41.4%) was more than 10%, compared to white males at 31.5% of the population. The hypertension rate of black females was more than twice that of white females. The death rate from hypertension among black males was 51.8 per 100,000, and among black females was 40.4 per 100,000; however, the morta...
The review of literature corresponds to the African Americans risk of getting hypertension. It showed that African American are at a higher risk for hypertension because many of them are unwilling to seek medical care and even when they do they do not take their medications as prescribed.
Vicki is a 42-year-old African American woman who was diagnosed with Hypertension a month ago. She has been married to her high school sweetheart for the past 20 years. She is self-employed and runs a successful insurance agency. Her work requires frequent travel and Vicki often has to eat at fast food restaurants for most of her meals. A poor diet that is high in salt and fat and low in nutrients for the body and stress from her job are contributing factors of Vicki’s diagnosis of hypertension. This paper will discuss the diagnostic testing, Complementary and Alternative Medicine treatments, the prognosis for hypertension, appropriate treatment for Vicki, patient education, and potential barriers to therapy that Vicki may experience.
In many parts of the world that are considered lower or middle-class countries, health disparities are cause of major concern that leads to unnecessary disease and possible death. Many variables affect how and why many citizens of lower and middle-class countries struggle to obtain adequate healthcare. One region of the world classified as a lower socio economic territory is Ethiopia. Many factors contribute to the lack of health care in Ethiopia such as access to care, high cost of care, and being uneducated, to name a few. One idea that hinders many citizens in Ethiopia to attain healthcare is the access to the healthcare system. This research project will entail the issue of access to the health care system; ways it is affecting the lives of those living in Ethiopia, and measures that can be taken to possibly increase the availability and attainment of healthcare.
WILLIAMS, P and POULTER NR et al (2004) Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society. British Hypertension Society, pp. 139-85
Dr. S.M. Shamim ul Moula, “Fighting Disease” May 9, 2001 African Networks for health research and development; retrieved Dec. 9, 2003 http://www.afronets.org/archive/200105/msg00035.php