Keri Caylor
Lecture case study #1 – Hypercalcemia
1. Hypercalcemia- having too much calcium in the blood. Symptoms include: constipation, nausea, pain, poor appetite, vomiting, depression and irritability (Cooper).
Polyuria- urination more than normal with large amounts of urine each time, urinating more than 3 liters of urine a day (Polyuria - Frequent Urination)
Nocturia- waking up in the middle of the night to urinate (Blake).
Carcinoma- cancer that starts in the epithelial tissues that either says in one part of the body or spreads someone where. Some examples are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma (Types of Carcinoma: Basal Cell, Squamous Cell, and Adenocarcinoma).
2. Extracellular matrix of bone is made up of two parts, osteoid and hydroxyapatite. Osteoid is the organic component of bone matrix that is composed of collagen with some proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Hydroxyapatite is the inorganic component of bone matrix and is composed of salts of calcium phosphate and minerals (Repka, 2013, p. 92).
3. Blood plasma is the source of the minerals in the extracellular matrix of bone (Repka, 2013, p. 92).
4. The mineral component of bone gives the bone compressional strength (Repka, 2013, p. 92)
5. An osteoclast is a bone digesting cell, it breaks down and demineralizes the bone so that new bone can be formed (Repka, 2013, p. 92)
6. When serum calcium levels in the body get to low, parathyroid hormone, or PTH, is released and can do one of three things. It can increase the amount and activity of osteoclasts, which breaks down the inorganic matrix, increasing serum calcium. It can also increase the production of vitamin D, which is necessary for absorption of calcium from the intestines. Fin...
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...al Library of Medicine. Retrieved March 11, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000365.htm
17. Freitas, B. (n.d.). Imaging in Primary Hyperparathyroidism . Imaging in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/390728-overview
18. Kenny, T. (n.d.). Patient.co.uk - Trusted medical information and support. Patient.co.uk. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/bisphosphonates
19. Polyuria - Frequent Urination. (n.d.). Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://www.diabetes.co.uk/symptoms/polyuria.html
20. Repka, A. (2013). Human Anatomy and Physiology Class Materials. Howard County: Howard CC.
21. Types of Carcinoma: Basal Cell, Squamous Cell, and Adenocarcinoma. (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-carcinoma
However some of the basic bone functions include storing of crucial nutrients, minerals and lipids, producing red blood cells for the body, protect the organs such as heart, ribs and the brain, aide in movement and also to act as a buffer for pH. With the differences in all of the bones there are four things that remain the same in each bone, their cells. Bones are made up of four different cells; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone lining cells. Osteoblasts produce and secrete matrix proteins and then transport the minerals into the matrix. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breaking down of tissue. The osteoblasts and osteoclasts are both responsible for remodeling and rebuilding of bones as we grow and age. The production of osteoclasts for resorption is initiated by the hormone, the parathyroid hormone. Osteocytes are the mature versions of osteoblasts because they are trapped in the bone matrix they produced. The osteocytes that are trapped continue making bone to help with strength and the health of the bone matrix. The bone lining cells are found in the inactive bone surfaces which are typically found in
An osteoblast is a “baby” bone cell whose main job is to secrete osteoid which forms the hardened, or calcified, bone matrix. Osteocytes are formed from osteoblasts. Osteocytes are the mature bones cells that have been completely differentiated. They are found in the lacunae of hard bone and have a spider-like appearance due to their canaliculi. Osteoclasts are a different type of cell formed from the mesenchymal cells. These cells are not related to osteoblasts or osteocytes. Their job is to basically “eat” the bone to create cavities and other hallow spaces during bone remodeling. Finally, the cells form differentiate to form fibroblasts and fibrocytes. These fibroblasts and fibrocytes secrete and form the matrix for fibrous connective tissue which is an essential component of the
A 54 year old female was presented with complaints of lethargy, excessive thirst and diminished appetite. Given the fact that these symptoms are very broad and could be the underlying cause of various diseases, the physician decided to order a urinalysis by cystoscope; a comprehensive diagnostic chemistry panel; and a CBC with differential, to acquire a better understanding on his patient health status. The following abnormal results caught the physician’s attention:
The body controls calcium levels in the bones and blood through parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. PTH is released in the blood to stimulate osteocytes, which causes bone to breakdown. In turn this releases calcium when levels are low in the blood stream.
Magnesium is an important element necessary healthy bones and teeth. The use of all muscles, and nerves convert it into energy for daily living. It is also instrumental in maintaining adequate levels of calcium in the blood. Having a therapeutic magnesium level helps prevent cardiovascular disease and reduces the risk of bone loss. The body of the adult human contains about 2000 mEq of Mg. Half of this amount stays within the skeleton and the other half in soft tissues (Wacker and Parisi 1968). The normal concentration in the blood is somewhere in the ranges of 1.7-2.3 mg/dL (Magnesium, 2013)
Bones of the skeletal system serve as storage compartments for vital minerals like phosphorus and calcium. Excessive calcium in the blood is stored in bones. Calcium is released from the bones into the blood when there are deficient amounts of it in the blood.
They also differ in the types of bones that make up their individual skeletons. Axial skeleton consists of bones from the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum and the appendicular skeleton consists of bones from the limbs, pelvis girdle, and pectoral girdle. The skeletal system is crucial for the human body to continue functioning and maintaining homeostasis.
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
When diagnosed with hyponatremia treatment usually immediately begins. Treatment must be a restriction of both salt and water (Gheorghita et. al 2010). Hyponatremic patients must receive a slow increase in sodium with a restriction of liquids. Intravenous hypertonic saline solution of 3% NaCl can be administered to patients who have been diagnosed with hyponatremia. There is a precise formula that is used in determining the quantity of NaCl that is used in increasing sodemia and the rate at which it should be administered (Gheorghita et. al 2010).
Osteoporosis is a serious disease that leads to a faster than normal loss of the bone density, which puts the bone at a higher risk for fractures. In order to understand the causes of Osteoporosis, it is important to understand how bones are formed. Bone is a living tissue that is made mainly of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. The mixture of collagen and calcium gives the bone strength and flexibility. The body deposits new bones and removes old ones; moreover, there are two types of bone cells that control the reproduction of bones. Cells called osteoclasts breakdown bone tissues thus, damaging the bone. Once the damaged bone is removed, cells called osteoblasts, use minerals including calcium and phosphate from the blood stream to make new healthy bone tissues. In order for osteoblasts and osteoclasts to work properly, hormones such us thyroid, estrogen, testosterone, and growth hormones are
Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking.
The human body needs potassium to function. The body may become short of potassium in many situations. Excessive physical activity, severe cases of stress, drinking of alcohol or coffee all consume the potassium in the body leaving the person with a deficiency of the mineral. As a result of this deficiency severe fatigues, muscle weakness, nervous disorders, cardiac arrest, and poor reflexes can occur. Too much potassium in the body may result in dehydration. The kidneys can retain or get rid of too much potassium. Either extreme is dangerous for the body.
Calcium is a mineral found in many foods that the human body cannot produce itself (National Osteoporosis Foundation). According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation it is used in the regulation of heartbeat, stimulation of hormone secretions, conduction of nerve impulses, stimulation of blood clotting, and maintenance of a healthy skeleton. They also state that we lose calcium every day through shed skin, nails, hair, sweat, and other bodily functions. Bones are also constantly being “remodeled” by removal of older pieces of bone and replacement with new bone. These losses make a daily source of calcium invaluable. Calcium has traditionally been thought of in conjunction to milk, but this connection is slowly being broken.
Nutrition plays a significant role in the development of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from the loss of bone mass which can be the result of hormonal changes or a deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. Calcium is important for healthy bones and because our body does not produce calcium. We must get it from foods that we eat. The needed amount of calcium for adults over 50 years old is 1,200 mg while an age 19-50 is 1,000 mg and for children 9-18 is 1,300 mg. Popular sources of calcium are milk, yogurt and cheese. Other sources of calcium can be found in leafy green vegetables such as lettuces, spinach, collards, kale, Swiss chard, rhubarb, turnip greens, mustard, and
Minerals (micronutrient), there are various minerals and each group plays a different role, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) all help to harden bones and teeth. Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in haemoglobin (Hb). Potassium (K), sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are all helpful in maintaining the bodies PH balance and are all used in action potential (Grammarly,