Hydrochloric Acid

Also it will act with n-octanol because of the non-polar hydrocarbons. Aspirin has acidic functional group so it will also react with NaOH to form a salt (carboxylate ion) and it will interact with n-octanol also same as paracetamol in addition of presence of ester which lipophilic. Phenyl butazone contains acidic functional group (β-Dicarbonyl) which will interact with NaOH to give a salt (–OCO-). Also there will be interaction with HNO3 by tertiary amine which will give NH+. In n-octanol will be a reaction because of the hydrocarbon molecule.

The biggest difference from all the previous compounds is that sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive, this is the reason it was given the name caustic soda. This compound is soluble in water, ethanol, and methanol. Sodium hydroxide is made by using the chloralkali process which is an industrial process. Sodium Chloride is then electrolyzed and sodium hydroxide is made in the cathode. A cathode is a type electrode where electrons move.

Acids have a sour taste, they are: corrosive and electrolytes. Acids react with active metals (group 1 or 2) to produce hydrogen gas, H2 They also react with bases to produce salt and water (a neutralization reaction). An Arrhenius base is any substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. A BrØnsted-Lowry base is one that accepts a hydrogen ion, H+. A Lewis base is any substance that donates a lone pair of electrons.

As it can be easily seen, when these acids are placed in water, the acid dissociates to yield hydrogen ions, and hence defines them as Arrhenius acids. This also allows these Arrhenius acids to be electrolytes because free-moving particles exist in the water, in which electricity can be conducted. The Arrhenius definition of a base is a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of such substances include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. Evidently, these substances separate into their respective cations and the hydroxide ions.

One of the reason as to why sulphuric Acid is important to the chemical industry because it has many different uses examples of this include lead-acid vehicles battery, oil refining and over 50% of sulphuric acid is used as fertilisers. Physical and chemical Properties Sulphuric acid contains two hydrogen atoms as well as four oxygen atoms and a single sulphur atom. It is a colourless liquid that is very acidic, with a pH of 0.85, making it very dangerous. Because it is contains the hydrogen atoms it make it an amphiprotic molecule, making it able to both donate and accepts hydrogen atoms, when it needs too. It is also a diprotic acid, with the first stage of ionization, H2SO4 → H+ + HSO4- HSO4- → H+ + SO4-2 Some physical properties that sulphuric acid has are: • Melting Point: 10.3 degrees • Boiling Point: 338 degrees • Formula weight: 98.08 • Specific gravity: 1.94 • Flash point: none • Density: 1.84g/cm3 Sulphuric acid is also a oxidizing agent as well as a drying agent because of its properties with water.

A strong acid is an acid that fully dissociates incompletely, releasing only some of its protons(H+). A base is a substance that can accept (H+) and releases(OH-) to form a solution that has a pH>7. It turns litmus paper blue. It reacts with acids to form a salt and water. A salt is a compound made from an acid when a metal takes the place of the hydrogen in the acid.

Then neutralization has occurred. Neutralization occurs when a strong acid and a strong base react, because they completely dissociate in water. Polyprotic acids are acids that are capable of donating more than one proton per molecule in acid-base reactions, hence the prefix poly- meaning many, and prot- referring to protons. Polyprotic acids are acids that have more than one ionizable hydrogen atom per molecule. When acids are added to the solution, the acid ionizes.

2.4.2 Non Peroxide based Bleaching Agents These materials are based on sodium chlorite (NaClO2) which are activated by citric acid. Sodium chlorite is an very good oxidizing agent wh... ... middle of paper ... ...mperature stable and visible light active oxygen rich anatase phase titanium dioxide[77].In this method hydrogen peroxide was added to amorphous titanium dioxide to form peroxo titania complex. The band gap of the resulting titania decreased as the molar ratio of the hydrogen peroxide was increased (figure 5). The band gap narrowing was identified as factor responsible for the visible light activity. The hydrogen peroxide modified samples were more photoactive and thermally stable.

Predictions First of all, here are the definitions for an acid and an alkali: An acid is a substance that forms hydrogen (H+) ions when placed in water. It can also be described as a proton donor as it provides H+ ions. An alkali is a soluble base and forms hydroxyl ions (OH-) when placed in water. It can be called a proton acceptor because it will accept hydrogen (H+) ions and form H2O. A Hydrochloric acid molecule (HCl) will release one H+ ion and one Cl- ion when placed in water.

The OH- in turn accepts the proton, making it a Bronsted-Lowry base. The advantages of the Bronsted-Lowry definitions are that they cover acids and bases other than H3O+ and OH- .Consider: HSO4- + PO43- SO4- + HPO42- During this reaction the HSO4- ion donates a proton and is therefore an acid. The reaction ion turns the HSO4- ion into the SO4- ion. The PO43- ion becomes the HPO4- ion during the same reaction. That is, the PO43- ion accepts a proton, which means that it is acting as a base.