Huntington's Disease
Background
Huntington's disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that gives rise to progressive, elective (localized) neural cell death associated with choleric movements (uncontrollable movements of the arms, legs, and face) and dementia. It is one of the more common inherited brain disorders. About 25,000
Americans have it and another 60,000 or so will carry the defective gene and will develop the disorder as they age. Physical deterioration occurs over a period of 10 to 20 years, usually beginning in a person's 30's or 40's. The gene is dominant and thus does not skip generations. Having the gene means a 92 percent chance of getting the disease. The disease is associated with increases in the length of a CAG triplet repeat present in a gene called 'huntington' located on chromosome 4. The classic signs of Huntington disease are progressive chorea, rigidity, and dementia, frequently associated with seizures. Studies &
Research Studies were done to determine if somatic mtDNA (mitochondria DNA) mutations might contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in Huntington's disease. Part of the research was to analyze cerebral deletion levels in the temporal and frontal lobes. Research hypothesis: HD patients have significantly higher mtDNA deletionlevels than agematched controls in the frontal and temporal lobes of the cortex. To test the hypothesis, the amount of mtDNA deletion in 22
HD patients brains was examined by serial dilution-polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) and compared the results with mtDNA deletion levels in 25 aged matched controls. Brain tissues from three cortical regions were taken during an autopsy
(from the 22 HD symptomatic HD patients): frontal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, and putamen. Molecular analyses were performed on genetic DNA isolated from 200 mg of frozen brain regions as described above. The HD diagnosis was confirmed in patients by PCR amplification of the trinucleotide repeat in the IT 15 gene. One group was screened with primers that included polymorphism and the other was screened without the polymorphism. After heating the reaction to 94 degrees C for 4 minutes, 27 cycles of 1 minute at 94 degreesC and 2 minutes at 67 degrees C, tests were performed. The PCR products were settled on 8% polyacrylamide gels. The mtDNA deletion levels were quantitated relative to the total mtDNA levels by the dilution-PCR method. When the percentage of the mtDNA deletion relative to total mtDNA was used as a marker of mtDNA damage, most regions of the brain accrued a very small amount of mtDNA damage before age 75. Cortical regions accrued 1 to 2% deletion levels between ages 80-90, and the putamen accrued up to 12% of this deletion after age 80.
Paabo’s team discovered an mtDNA sequence from a finger bone they found from around 40,000 years ago, as carbon dating is one of the most commonly used methods of determining a fossil’s age. (Hammer, 70). Also, Neanderthal mtDNA is differs severely from modern human mtDNA. For example, Microcephalin is a gene for brain size during the development of the organism.
The book basically talks about two young boys both with the name Wes Moore, who grew up in Baltimore and in the same neighborhood but never knew of each others existence. This is until the author Wes Moore, the one who escaped his rough childhood in Baltimore and the Bronx, began meeting with the other Wes Moore and questioning him who is spending his life in prison because of attempted murder. The author Wes Moore who managed to escape his situation growing up had a much more supportive mother who moved him away from Baltimore and continued to push him to get an education. He lived in the Bronx for sometime with his grandparents and mother, and attended a well renowned school in the Bronx. His mother worked several jobs in order for him to
In a person’s life, one must overcome obstacles that have the potential to either negatively or positively impact their future. Whether it is a serious obstacle, such as being involved with drugs, or a minor obstacle, such as procrastinating an important essay for the night before it is due, the choices people make can influence the way they live their lives. In Wes Moore’s inspiring non-fiction book, The Other Wes Moore, two boys with the same name start off living a few blocks away from one another, but turn out to be completely different individuals. At first, they were both troublemakers, getting in trouble with the law. However, as time progressed, the author, Wes Moore, became a Rhodes scholar and quite successful, while the other Wes Moore was sentenced to life in prison. The difference between these two men was the surrounding influences that shaped their growth as people. In a person’s growth, the most important factors are a positive role model in a positive environment because a positive role model will provide the path to success and will aid that person in achieving prosperity.
-Reilly Philip. Is It In Your Genes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2004: 223-228. Print
In their respective life journey, both Wes Moores often found them facing with some hard choices or decision to make or standing at a crossroads of life change without knowing which way to turn. Therefore, “for all of us who live in the most precarious places in this country, our destinies can be determined by a single stumble down the wrong path or a tentative step down the right one” (Moore xiv). During their early childhood, both Wes Moores struggle at school and had troubles with the law. However, for the author Wes Moore, attending the military school was the biggest turning point in his life. Aware of his mother’s determination, his family’s sacrifice, and encouragement from classmates and instructors as well as the influence of role models, the author Wes Moore finally made up his mind that he wanted to succeed in the military school. At the end, the author Wes Moore fulfilled his dream and did well academically from then on. On the other hand, the other Wes Moore had tumbled on a series of missteps along the road: dropping out of school, getting involved with drug trade, committing violent crimes, and being a father of four when he was so young and immature. Even though there was a time when he tried to reinvent himself: joining the Job Corp, getting a high school diploma, and finding some decent jobs, the reality and his making-quick-money mentality eventually brought him back to the original path with no return. At last, by committing an armed robbery that left a police officer dead, the other Wes Moore irreversibly drove himself to the dead end of life. Obviously, based on their early life experiences, both Wes Moores would have gone the same route to failure. Nevertheless, at some critical points of their lives, the author Wes Moore made some good choices with intervention and guidance of good people while the other Wes Moore lost his footing under undue
Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti-psychotic drugs.
middle of paper ... ... Scientists are also aware of the fact that mtDNA is only carried by the mother. This means that there may still be evidence of interbreeding out there that is carried from the male.
If an artery becomes so clogged that blood cannot flow through it, the result is chest pain which could progress to a heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI). "Myocardial" is a medical term that means "having to do with the heart" or "heart muscle". "Infarct" is a medical term for tissue death. During a myocardial infarction, the portion of the heart that is supposed to get blood from the diseased artery dies. However, cardiologists are trained to recognize symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue of coronary artery disease in patients before the symptoms becomes severe. A cardiologist is often able to treat coronary disease before it causes an MI. – http://myweb.com/contents/dmk_article396168
Moore, Wes. The Other Wes Moore: One Name, Two Fates. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010. Print.
There are preventive measures that can be taken to prevent coronary heart disease. Go to the doctor and get a regularly routine checkup. Mainly have a healthy lifestyle by having a healthy diet; this diet should include a low salt intake, whole grain foods, low fat/ fat free diary, meats (lean), fruits , vegetables, nuts, and water. Also physical activities or being active decrease the chances of getting CHD.
Specific heat capacity of aqueous solution (taken as water = 4.18 J.g-1.K-1). T = Temperature change (oK). We can thus determine the enthalpy changes of reaction 1 and reaction 2 using the mean (14) of the data obtained. Reaction 1: H = 50 x 4.18 x -2.12.
In this day and age, it seems as though almost everyone has experience a loved one taken away form a very serious disease known as Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is unbelievably devastating for everyone affected by it. This disease is causing major economical problems such as less occupancy in the nursing homes, and hospitals due to the rising population of elderly men and women being diagnosed with it everyday. Because there is not yet a cure for this disease and the percent of the population being diagnosed keeps rapidly rising, more time and money needs to go towards Alzheimer’s research.
- Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes.
My aim in this piece of work is to see the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction in a solution of hydrochloric acid containing sodium thiosulphate. The word equation for the reaction that will occur in the experiment is: Sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric acid →, sulphur + sulphur dioxide +. sodium chloride + water ? where the sulphur is an insoluble precipitate.