The Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa culture thrived during the Mesolithic period, beginning in about 9,000 BC. The archaeological site of the Humu people was found in modern day Scotland, and archaeologists determined that it was once the location of a swamp that contained peat due to the excellent preservation of organic materials such as wood and bone. At the site of the Humu people, many artifacts were found which include numerous flint and stone tools, tools made from the antlers and bones of deer and elk, as well as many barbed spearheads. In addition to the tools found at the site, human remains of the hunter-gatherers who lived there were found as well. These were also extremely well preserved due to the excellent, anaerobic conditions for preservation under which the remains were found in.
One of the graves in particular contained the bones of a man who was twenty-five years old at the time of his burial. 9,000 years ago, this man lived at this camp which was located near a swamp that transitioned into a neighboring lake. During his daily life, he often traveled away from the camp with the other Humu men to hunt a wide variety of animals including aurochs, wild boar, as well as red and roe deer. As we discussed in our lecture on the Transition from Foraging to Farming, these types of animals were typically hunted and eaten by peoples during the Mesolithic period. Due to his people’s proximity to the nearby lake, the Humu man often trapped fish and other shellfish that he could bring back to the Humu women to process. When his flint tools began to wear down from repeated use, the Humu man would travel a few miles to a quarry that his people removed chunks of stone from when their tools wore down or broke. The Humu men would break ...
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...discussed in the lecture on Bioarchaeological Approaches to the Past, eburnation is a sign of osteoarthritis, which occurs when cartilage has been worn away due to excessive use. While many of the Humu men showed signs of osteoarthritis development in their hips and knees, the Humu women showed signs in their lower back, due to the intense food processing that they did on a regular basis as well as carrying children on their backs. This discovery of osteoarthritis in both the Humu men and women suggest that they were extremely hardworking, and perhaps had a harder time than many other people did during the Mesolithic period. The men may have had to travel great distances to hunt the populations of deer and wild boar, and the processing of food by the Humu women must have been extremely strenuous work in order to cause damage to the bones and lead to osteoarthritis.
To identify the specific type, functions and time period of the artifacts, various archaeology books, reports, and journal were referred. The interpretation was then conducted by dividing the artifacts into different area on the map and investigating their relationships.
The skeleton had a hideous impact to the community and was predicted by local investigators to be reasonably modern. To get better understanding and avoid confusion, a bone sample was sent to a laboratory in the USA for investigation and analysation using series of scientific
Minthorn, Armand. "Human Remains Should Be Reburied." Kennewick Man Perspectives on the Ancient One (n.d.): 42-43. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.
Within the last few years, bodies have been found in bogs all across Ireland and Northern Europe. PBS took us through a documentary, named “The Ghost of the Murdered Kings”, in hopes to find some missing information on these peculiar bodies. Although they weren’t just skeletons, the bodies were preserved due to the highly acidic waters and peat that grows there. Grobbel Man, Old Croghan Man, Clonycavan Man, and several more have been found by everyday farmers. One in particular stood out that was discovered recently, Cashel Man, who seemed to have died over 4000 years ago. The documentary showed many different archeologists finding out solutions as to why this body seems to have gashes in it, while not having much information to go off of. Identifying callus’ on their hands, hair on their head, and determining what they found as their last meal in their stomach, they found that Cashel Man (and one other body) must have been kings that were sacrificed to the gods. This was deemed significant, as they weren’t burned like the other bodies in that time era.
Debate started to arise when an archaeologist by the name of Thomas D. Dillehay found artifacts of people existing 14,600 years ago, before Clovis, in Monte Verde, a site in southern Chile. These people slept in hide tents, had access to seafood and potatoes, and shared similar characteristics to other artifacts found in North Ame...
It is emphasized that there is little proof to be found in the archaeological record, but we can track hominin dependence on cooked foods, and thus fire, by evolutionary changes in the skeletons of human ancestors. Reasons for making the shift to cooked foods is unknown, but it is hypothesized that the taste of cooked foods was what first turned hominins onto the joys of cooking.
The remains were found in what is believed to be a burial chamber. The H. Naledi people appear to have carried individuals deep into the cave system and deposited them in the chamber –possibly over generation. This suggest that they were capable of ritual behavior and possibly symbolic
Kim Oakberg Allegretto. "The Moatfield ossuary: isotopic dietary analysis of an Iroquoian community, using dental tissue." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 22. (2003): 245-261. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. .
In this ancient place there were all different kinds of remnants from what looked to be a permanent settlement, which led us to believe that it was formed in the Neolithic period. Scientists also believe from the skull fragments found that the Cro-Magnons were the hominid type that inhabited the area. Some of the fossils found helped to prove that the settlement was immobile because the fossilized plants were apparently in a specific arrangement, showing that they were planted purposefully. Some of the cotton grown in this area was apparently used to make woven cloth. Remnants of corn meal were used to make some of the mortar for their establishments, along with mud and sand. They also made their bricks, which were much larger than today’s, from mud. Some of the teeth from the Cro-Magnons were found to be stained. They were thought to be from the coffee ingested due to the high amounts of caffeine deposits in the bones.
At this point in the Paleolithic Era, technology and politics coexisted in harmony; one did not dominate the other, nor did one influence the other. Their technology was simple. The...
Paleoanthropology: Pliocene and Pleistocene Human Evolution. Paleobiology, 7:3:298-305. Frayer, David W. and Milford Walpoff 1985 Sexual Dimorphism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 14:429-473 Key, Catherine A. 2000 The Evolution of Human Life History.
Human reason has not always been a presence in our daily lives. Doing the right thing, being ethical, and making educated decisions, one would think, are the ideal principles behind human nature. Sadly, only in more recent times has human reason shed its good grace on more modern societies. For many centuries, constant war and the reconstruction to nations, countries, and empires led to the rise and fall of many different leaders and in tow their governments. Within such societies, political spokesmen like Machiavelli, Locke, and Marx, interpret their ideas to the people, which still remain significant to this day. One of their main focuses was to raise awareness, on their ideas on trust and human reason. While Locke and Marx urge us to have faith in human reason, as a positive means to society, Machiavelli would claim the contrary. The concept of human nature and reason to both John Locke and Karl Marx juxtaposes that of Machiavelli’s, and their notions derive from their different eras, economies, environments, and strict governments, which ultimately shaped their ideologies on human nature.
Using a scanning electron microscope Shipman studied several types of marks left on the fossil remains of prey animals. Two of these marking she determined came from stone tools. These stone tools were used in two different ways leaving two different sets of marks. The first set of marks where located around joints and suggested disarticulation, and the second set removing flesh from bone. She then compared bones from the Olduvai to the Neolithic. Discovering Olduvai hominids did not practiced disarticulation as often as Neolithic hominids. But both Olduvai and Neolith...
Despite not having an established society or economy, man in the Paleolithic Age had increasing technology. Their weapons and tools were made of wood and stone, and they had manifested the ability to control fire. The Paleolithic Age also berthed language and thus established the first historical backgrounds of modern man. Paleolithic art gives the background for the culture of the time. Depicting a society classed only by sex: Men hunted, made weaponry and tools, and fought other nomadic bands; Women gathered, made clothing, and bore children.
En Somme, le personnalisme est l’exigence d’un engagement total et conditionnel en même temps. C’est un engagement total, parce qu’il n’y a pas de lucidité valable que celle réalisé et ne souffre pas d’être résoudre par une simple critique. De plus, C’est un engagement conditionnel, parce que si nous ne tenons pas fermement dans les mains le gouvernail, le désaccord interne de l'homme bascule l’équilibre des civilisations. Parfois vers la complaisance solitaire, parfois à la superbe collective et parfois à l'évasion idéaliste.