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History of psychology Assignment
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1. Plato (427-347 B.C.E.) was a student of Socrates. He believes in innate knowledge that we access through careful reasoning. Plato also divided the world into two realms, pure and abstract, and all else physical and mundane. He suggests that reason is responsible for balancing our desires (appetites) on the hand with our (spirit) on the others in pursuit of reason’s goals (Plato, 427-347 B.C.E.).
2. Wilhelm Wundt, founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany. There were only four students that attended his first lecture but by the mid-1890’s all his classes where filled to capacity (Wundt, 1879).
Wundt was primarily interested in memory and selective attention. This is the process by which we
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Humanistic psychology, year is unknown. School of psychology that emphasizes nonverbal experience and altered states of consciousness as a means of realizing one’s full human potential. Humanistic psychologists emphasize human potential and the importance of love, belonging, self-esteem and self-expression, peak experiences, and self-actualization.
7. Cognitive psychology, year is unknown. School of psychology devoted to the study of mental processes in the broadest sense. Cognitive psychology is the study of our mental processes in the broadest sense: thinking, feeling, learning, and remembering.
8. Evolutionary psychology happened in the year 2005. Evolutionary psychology is an approach to, and subfield of psychology that is concerned with the evolutionary origins of behaviors and mental processes, their adaptive value, and the purposes they continue to serve (Buss, 2005).
9. Positive psychology happened in the year of 2013. This is an emerging field of psychology that focuses on positive experiences, including subjective well begin, self-determination, the relationship between positive emotions and physical health, and the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish (Snyder, Lopez, and Pedrotti,
Psychodynamic, Trait, Behaviorism, and Humanistic are the four major theories of personality. Our personality is our unique characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. These theories each have their own different explanation of how our personalities came to be. They offer an explanation of why we are the way that we are by using factors, drives, characteristics, and experiences.
Psychology can be broadly defined as the scientific and systematic study of people’s behavior and mental processes.
The development of psychology like all other sciences started with great minds debating unknown topics and searching for unknown answers. Early philosophers and psychologists such as Sir Francis Bacon and Charles Darwin took a scientific approach to psychology by introducing the ideas of measurement and biology into the way an indi...
The Humanistic approach is a psychological perspective which studies the whole person and each individual’s uniqueness (McLeod, 2007). Humanistic psychology began in the 1940s and 1950s by a group of prominent psychologists such as Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and Charlotte Buhler, who felt that behaviorism and psychoanalysis had many limitations and that a person’s behavior is connected to his inner feelings and self-image (Frye, 2015). They believed in the human capacity for choice and growth and that individuals have free will and make conscious choices (Frye, 2015). The humanistic approach emphasizes that behavior is influenced by a person’s environment and that social interactions greatly influence the development of a person (Frye, 2015).
Edward Bradford Titchener, born January 11, 1867, had big plans ahead of him put together by his family. Titchener’s family intended on him becoming a clergy member, but his heart was somewhere else (Cherry, 2014). Titchener had bigger plans for himself. While attending Oxford University, he began studying comparative psychology and began translating Wilhelm Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology into the English language. After graduating from Oxford, Titchener went to study with Wundt and soon after earned his Ph.D. in the study of Psychology (Cherry, 2014). While there, Wundt taught Titchener everything about his introspective psychology and how it helped determine one’s own emotions through their physical reactions. Titchener returned with an American perspective on Wundt’s ideas. He went on to become a professor at Cornell University where he taught Wundt’s ideas using his own technique known as structuralism, starting the first psychology program at the university (Kardas, 2014).
The birth of psychology was in December of 1879, at Germanys University of Leipzig (Myers, 2014, p.2). In 1960, Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener defines psychology as “the science of mental health” (Myers, 2014, p.4). However, two provocative American psychologists, John Watson and B.F Skinner, redefined psychology in 1920. They redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior” (Myers, 2014, p.4). The problem arose when psychologists realized people could not observe feeling or thought so they needed to come up with a new definition for psychology. We define psychology today as “the science of behavior and mental processes” (Myers, 2014, p.4). Psychology includes many subfields such as human development, social behavior,
Rieber, R. W. (2001). Wilhelm Wundt in history: the making of a scientific psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Founded by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers in the 1960’s. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015) Researched as a response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical perspective and B.F. Skinner’s behavioristic perspective. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015) Humanism or the humanistic perspective focuses on how things that happen externally affect us. It delved into the idea of free-will and self-actualization. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015) It focused on how people direct the way they live their own lives. In present day this perspective is used as a form of psychotherapy. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015)
The study of psychology began as a theoretical subject a branch of ancient philosophy, and later as a part of biological sciences and physiology. However, over the years, it has grown into a rigorous science and a separate discipline, with its own sets of guidance and experimental techniques. This paper aims to study the various stages that the science of psychology passed through to reach its contemporary status, and their effects on its development. It begins with an overview of the historical and philosophical basis of psychology, discusses the development of the various schools of thought, and highlights their effects on contemporary personal and professional decision-making.
Augustine was a saint and philosopher. Some of Augustine’s thought can be related to the practice of humanistic psychology. My professional focus is the psychotherapy category called Humanistic-Experiential. Humanistic-Experiential therapies are, “psychotherapies emphasizing personal growth and self-direction” (Butcher, et al, 2006). The humanistic approach places primary importance upon human interests, values, and most importantly the belief in human potentials (Schultz & Schultz, 2009, pp297). Augustine’s idea of knowledge and understanding confront human problems of thinking and behavior. Humanistic psychology is able to help address the complexity of happiness and love according to Augustine.
Psychology is the investigation of the mind and how it processes and directs our thoughts, actions and conceptions. However, in 1879 Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Nevertheless, the origins of psychology go all the way back thousands of years starting with the early Greeks. This foundation is closely connected to biology and philosophy; and especially the subfields of physiology which is the study of the roles of living things and epistemology, which is the study of comprehension and how we understand what we have learned. The connection to physiology and epistemology is often viewed as psychology, which is the hybrid offspring of those two fields of investigation.
Whilst evaluating the cognitive approach to psychology there are many strengths such as that the cognitive approach takes an understanding of the influence from mental processes on one’s behaviour, focusing on an individual’s thinking patterns and their perception. This approach also relates to many known functions and operations that the human body performs such as memory and problem solving.
In 1875 one of Wundt's former students Williams James (1842-1910) form a psychology laboratory in United States of America, at Harvard University. It is alleged that James didn't get the recognition he deserved because his laboratory was strictly for the teaching, rather than experiments and research like his former teacher and colleague- Wundt and G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924).
The word Psychology comes from two Greek words: Psyche and Logos. The term ?psychology? used early on described the study of the spirit. It was in the 18th century when psychology gained its literal meaning: The study of behaviour. In studies today psychology is defined as the scientific and systematic study of human and animal behaviour. The term psychology has a long history but the psychology as an independent discipline is fairly new.
Psychology as a self conscious field was believed to have been founded in 1879 when German physiologist and philosopher Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at...