This is my report on evolution of speech and main responsible gene, which is called FOXP2. (Figure 1 – FOXP2 protein)
Foxp2 gene has found in 7q31 choromosome and it encoding protein of 715 amino acids - Forkhead box protein P2 , which is transcription factor. Forkhead box protein P2 have a forkhead-box DNA binding domain and which makes this protein one of the members of FOX family of transcription factors. As we know transcription factors are regulating gene expression in different types of organ-systems, such as lungs, guts and hearth. (1) Figure 1
First time FOXP2 was identified as a language gene, in a famous KE family , or London family. This family was famous because of numerical language disorders that they have in their family (30 people) in 3 generations. In 1990 Myrina Gopnik started her research with this family and reported on them genetic origin of the language. Lately, in 1998 Simon Fisher and his colleagues identified small section on 7th chromosome . Fisher's team discovers a particular mutation which affected FOXP2 gene in chromosomal region, which caused many linguistic disorders in KE family. After this studies, Fisher started to compare different individuals with some disorders and find out , that all of them have mutations on FOXP2 gene. (6) (Figure 2 shows the pedigree of KE family)
Regarding to different studies we know that FOXP2 expressed in different areas of brain, such as basal ganglia , frontal cortex and it is important forlanguage and speech development. Fisher and his collegues characterized different types of disorders in KE family, such as breaking up the words, and problems with grammatical skills. The interesting fact was, that Fisher discovers, that IQ of effected members was...
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...rgha-Khadem, F., Watkins, K. E., Monaco, A. P., & Pembrey, M. E. (1998). Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature Genetics, 18, 168 -170. doi:10.1038/ng0298-168.
7.Gopnik, Myrna & Goad, Heather. (1997). What underlies inflectional error patterns in
genetic dysphasia? J. of Neurolinguistics, 10(2-3), 109-37.
References for photos
Figure 1.http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F3%2F37%2FProtein_FOXP2_PDB_2a07.png&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFOXP2&h=594&w=995&tbnid=XnKZO35iUrvqkM%3A&zoom=1&docid=C4DzRP84lVuTpM&ei=LxhYU6a-O6WLyAOKloFI&tbm=isch&iact=rc&uact=3&dur=143&page=1&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=0CFcQrQMwAA
Figure 2. http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v6/n2/fig_tab/nrn1605_F1.html
Figure 3. http://www.evolutionpages.com/images/FOXP2_mutations.jpg
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The prehistoric times stand evidence to the power of language as a tool for communication and growth. Language has proven to be an effective medium and factor surrounding the evolution of man. Language has played a big role in the development of individuals and societies. What is spoken and/or written, help in the initiation of imagination, expression of feelings, and conveyance of thoughts and ideas.
...a Boychenko,1 Toby Hunt,1 Mike Kay,1 Gaurab Mukherjee,1 Jeena Rajan,1 Gloria Despacio-Reyes,1 Gary Saunders,1 Charles Steward,1 Rachel Harte,2 Michael Lin,3 Ce´dric Howald,4 Andrea Tanzer,5 Thomas Derrien,4 Jacqueline Chrast,4 Nathalie Walters,4 Suganthi Balasubramanian,6 Baikang Pei,6 Michael Tress,7 Jose Manuel Rodriguez,7 Iakes Ezkurdia,7 Jeltje van Baren,8 Michael Brent,8 David Haussler,2 Manolis Kellis,3 Alfonso Valencia,7 Alexandre Reymond,4 Mark Gerstein,6 Roderic Guigo´ ,5 and Tim J. Hubbard1,9 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom and 2University of California. "GENCODE: The reference human genome annotation for The ENCODE Project." Genome Research (2012): 1760-1774.
The role of a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is a challenging but imperative role to society. When there is pathology present in an individual’s communication, either language-based or speech-based, serious adverse effects can impact the quality and functionality of their lives. This is why I am perusing a career as an SLP. The ever-changing profession as an SLP allures me to the field because the learning never ends. As an academic, I am always prepared to absorb new information, and SLP’s must stay updated on the most current research, to ensure that they are providing the most appropriate services for their clients. Also, because every client is unique with diverse
Lewis, Ricki, (2014), Human Genetics, 11th Edition, Chapter 12. Gene Mutation. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from
Primates and their behavior are used by scientists to estimate the capacities of human ancestors. Since humans and numerous primate species employ vocalizations as their primary means of communication, the vocal aspect of primate behavior has been a principal focus of studies exploring the origins of human language. Studies indicate that in spite of important differences, primate vocalizations exhibit some key features that characterize human language. However, some critical aspects of human speech, such as vocal plasticity, are missing in primate language (Fedurek and
Wood, Frank B., and Elena L. Grigorenko. “Emerging Issues in the Genetics of Dyslexia: A
“Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (B.S.)” Bloomu.edu. Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, 2014. Web. 28 April 2014.
The Phonological Deficit and Magnocellular theory are two of the most dominant theories in dyslexic research. Various theories have been suggested to explain the nature and origin of dyslexia, however, they often served as additional support for either the phonological or magnocellular theories. The Double Deficit theory suggested that dyslexic symptoms were the result of speed-processing (7). The Genomic theory posed that dyslexia was a highly heritable disorder that can be localized to a specific genetic component, Finally, the Cerebellar Deficit theory suggested that dyslexia was the result of an abnormal cerebellum exist (2). With the constant debate of the biological nature versus the cognitive natur...
Ongoing research has tried to pinpoint exact reasons as to why there is speech impairment for those with aphasia and other language disorders. Most theories suggest genetic and environmental implications. Is the speech disability some sort of defect from within the brain, or does the disability develop as a result of influence from your surroundings and lack of nurture from others?
Audiologists, C. A.-L. (2012, October). Early Identifacation of Speech adn Language Disorders. Retrieved from CASLPA: http://www.caslpa.ca
In the last few decades, the notion of language and brain has been highlighted in different scientific fields such as: neurology, cognitive science, linguistics biology, technology and finally education.
Speech impediments are exactly what they say they are. They are something that impedes the speech of an individual. They can make speech slower or harder to understand to the average ear. They can be anything from a slight lisp to muteness causing a lack of ability to speak at all, and many different types in between. In a school setting especially, speech impediments can be frustrating for children. Not only does it make it harder to communicate with peers, but it could also make it more difficult to communicate with teachers. It is often taken for granted to have the ability to speak without any hindrances, such as stutters and cluttering, but having a voice that sounds much different from the voices of your peers can have a lasting effect on people. In this paper, I will explore possible causes of speech disorders, the tests used to diagnose a disorder, some possible treatments or cures, and the lasting effects that having a speech disorder can have emotionally on children, even going into adulthood.