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Essay on history of artificial intelligence
social, economic, and ethical consequences of ai
essay on the history of artificial intelligence
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Artificial intelligence is the intelligence showed by mechanisms or software that pretends to simulate the human intelligence. It’s also the field of computer science that has the goal of creating devices that simulate the human intelligence, such as the rational ability (applying rules based on logic to an available data so we can reach a conclusion), learning (learn with mistakes and solutions in a way to react more efficiently in the future), recognize patterns (such as visual and sensory patterns and behavior patterns) and inference (capacity of applying reasoning in situations of everyday life).
B.
Artificial Intelligence is often, but not always, about simulating human intelligence. Sometimes we can learn about how to make machines solve
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This field of study is defined as the study and project of intelligent agents, being the intelligent agent defined as a system that understands the surrounding environment and makes decisions in a way to maximize is probability of success.
D.
The main goal of the intelligent agents is to execute functions that would be considered clever if it was a human executing them.
E.
It’s a science that, on one hand, has a goal: to analyze and understand better the manifestations of intelligence. On the other hand, it is also a field of engineering, because it also has the goal of creating agents that support the human intellect. For example, the computers are programmed to represent the human knowledge.
F.
More frequently now than ever, the researchers try to understand how the human thought is processed, in a way to translate it to computer language.
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It’s main goal is to be capable of solving any problem that a human mind would also be able to solve and it should think for itself and know that it does so. A program like this would be cognitively comparable to the human mind.
b) The weak AI
Weak AI studies mostly non-deterministic problems (problems that have different solutions based on the way they are executed) and bases itself on AI that is not actually capable of reasoning and it isn’t really “smart” it just behaves like it is.
B. Turing’s Test – The ingelligence test
The Turing Test is a test created by the British mathematician Alan Turing in a 1950 paper entitled “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” whose objective was to determinate if a computer program is “intelligent” or not. The test consists in having two or more humans and a computer in a conversation, all of them isolated and the program would be considered intelligent if one (or several) judges cannot tell for sure that one of the conversations participants is a
It is necessary to look at the development of artificial intelligence in order to put this idea into context. The concept of intelligent and aware constructs began to emerge in the 1950s and 60s as several scientists in many fields came together to discuss the possibilities of advanced computer research. The first major step was a scientific conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. Here, the general concepts and possible paths of research for a.i. were fleshed out. As described in Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, this conference was “the birth of artificial intelligence.” This was mostly a theoretical stage yet attending experts predicted that with a huge investment, working technology could be available in a generation (16). After being officially established, a.i. research and discovery exploded. Computer programs, a brand new idea, were already conquering algebra problems and speech recognition. Some could even reproduce English (18). It was clear that artificial intelligence research was going to be at the fo...
This world of artificial intelligence has the power to produce many questions and theories because we don’t understand something that isn’t possible. “How smart’s an AI, Case? Depends. Some aren’t much smarter than dogs. Pets. Cost a fortune anyway. The real smart ones are as smart as the Turing heat is willing to let ‘em get.” (Page 95) This shows that an artificial intelligence can be programmed to only do certain ...
Current AI entities are only different applications of algorithms already in heavy use and are not actually intelligent.
Artificial intelligence has come a long way since the first robot. In 1950, Alan Turing of Britain publishes, Computer Machinery and Intelligence. This book was proposed to be the birth of artificial intelligence as we know it. The first robot that presents the usage of artificial intelligence was built in 1969. The purpose of this robot was to try out navigation using basic tools such as cameras and bump sensors (Marshall 371). Since then, we have made a million robots way better than this one and we’re going to continue doing so. While the world advances, so is technology. It’s slowly progressing and become better and more reliable. Artificial intelligence is a certain type of technology that is resourceful to our nation. We are using it in the medical field, it’s been helpful to military forces, and it’s helping our world become a better place.
One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the imitation game, since it is basically a game in which a computer imitates a conversating human. In an analysis of the Turing Test I will focus on its features, its historical background and the evaluation of its validity and importance.
But what is intelligence? “Intelligence is often defined as the ability to adapt to the environment” (Sternberg). Computers can indeed adapt to their environment as demonstrated with various evolution simulators. The computer has been able to gather its surroundings, and come to appropriate decisions to best survive. How can a computer, this box with wires and electricity, even begin to come up with decisions on its own? Well, just like any other human, it has to learn.
Abstract: In the future, intelligent machines will replace or enhance human capabilities in many areas. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is the subfield of computer science. Artificial Intelligence is becoming a popular field in computer science as it has enhanced the human life in many areas. Artificial intelligence in the last two decades has greatly improved performance of the manufacturing and service systems. Study in the area of artificial intelligence has given rise to the rapidly growing technology known as expert system. Application areas of Artificial Intelligence is having a huge impact on various fields of life as expert system is widely used these days to solve the complex problems
Despite the wide use (and misuse) of terms such as intelligent systems, there is no widely agreed-upon scientific definition of intelligence. It is then useful to think of intelligence in terms of an open collection of attributes. There is a list of attributes that are seen as the general characteristics of intelligence and a few examples of these are Communication, adaptation, and reasoning. AI systems do not come anywhere close to exhibiting any of these characteristics, except for in narrow areas.
Artificial intelligence is classified into two categories which are the weak AI and strong AI. Weak AI is also known as narrow AI that is designed and trained for a particular task (Rouse, 2016). Weak AI is the fact that machines can be made to act as if they are intelligent (Indika, 2011). Apple’s Siri, the virtual personal
AI is behavior of a machine, which, if performed by a human being, would be called intelligent. It makes machines smarter and more useful, and is less expensive than natural intelligence.
It involves a number of different sciences including computer science, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics. The main problem with A.I. is that human intelligence is difficult to copy and recreate. Simple things like interacting and communicating with others is remarkable hard to program. Computers would have to understand natural language; the same way another person would. It would have to think and form ideas based on questions. According to, Patrick Winston a professor at CSAIL, “simple mistakes like answering “Richard Nixon” on a question asking for a first lady points to... lack of human-like intelligence”.(Winston) Currently there are many project by large organizations that claim they found ways to get computers to understand people. Its still very early to say what the future of A.I. will be, but in a world where everybody uses phones and computers its probably going to be a big part of
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...
Artificial Intelligence is the scientific theory to advance the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. This is going to hold the key in the future. It has always fa...
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent
It is a type of artificial intelligence program that imitated the analytical skills and understanding of human experts. By 1985, the artificial intelligence market had come up to one billion dollars; moreover, around the same time, Japan’s fifth generation computer project motivated the British and American government to bring back funding for artificial intelligence. Unfortunately, the artificial intelligence market fell back into disrepute which started with the fall of the Lisp Machine market. Additionally, this was a much longer “AI winter”. Soon, in the late 1900s and in the beginning of the 21st century, artificial intelligence was starting to be utilized for data mining, medical diagnosis, and in other areas as well as logistics. All this success was because of the increasing computational power, new relationships between other fields and artificial intelligence, higher significance on answering specific issues, and a commitment by researchers to scientific standards as well as mathematical methods. For example, on May 11th, 1997, Deep Blue (an IBM computer) was the first computer that played chess and it beat the ruling world chess champion at that time, Garry Kasparov. This was the beginning of an amazing discovery, artificial intelligence. Faster computers, able to obtain huge amounts of information, and statistical and advanced methods allowed progress in perception and machine learning. By the midyear of 2010, machine learning programs were utilized in the entire world. For example, Watson (IBM’s question answering system) beat Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, the two greatest champions of Jeopardy, in a Jeopardy exhibition match by huge amounts. Another example is of the Kinect. It gives a 3D body-motion interface for the Xbox One and the Xbox 360 using algorithms that surfaced from long artificial research. Soon, 2015 came. According to