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Human Gene Therapy Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was discovered in 1944 by Avery and colleagues. Avery identified DNA as the primary genetic material. Watson and Crick later discovered the double helix structure of DNA. Leder and co-workers deciphered the triple nucleotide code that designated the amino acids from which proteins were built. The science of molecular biology was born (Sokol, Gewirtz, 1996). In 1990 a four year old girl who was suffering from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) was the first to undergo gene therapy. White blood cells were removed from the girl and the cells were inserted with normal copies of the defective gene and returned into the girls circulation. Her condition improved with four treatments and follow-up treatments (Anderson, 1995). Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common fatal genetic disease among Caucasians in the United States, afflicts about 30,000 people worldwide. The faulty gene, CFTR, transfers salts across cell membranes, which causes mucus buildup in many tissues, particularly in the lungs. Infections lead to early death, usually by age 30. Cystic fibrosis currently has no effective treatment. Since the cystic fibrosis gene was cloned in 1989 this has led researchers to look for treatments through gene therapy ( Stanford, 1996). CF appears to be suitable for treatment by gene therapy: It is a monogenic, recessive disorder; The function of the CFTR gene product is known, facilitating measurement of gene transfer; The principal target cells, the airway epithelia, are accessible by minimally invasive procedures; Several transgenic mouse models for developing and testing procedures prior to clinical evaluation are available; here is a relatively large cohort of patients wil... ... middle of paper ... ...l. Nichols, E. K. Human Gene Therapy. 162-164. (Harvard University Press, 1988). Schmeck, H. 1991. The future of genetic research. Howard Hughes Medical Institute. http://www.mit.edu:8001/afs/athena/course/other/esgbio/www/mg/future.html. Sokol, D. L., A. M. Gewirtz. 1996. Gen therapy: basic concepts and recent advances. Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 6(1):29-57. Walters, L. 1996. The Ethics of Human Gene Therapy. Nature 225-227. Gene Therapy for Human patients Information for the General Public. 1990 Department of Health and Human Services. Public health Service National Institutes of Health. Genzyme, http://www.genzyme.com/company/lines/rdgt/welcome.htm. Spector, R.; M. A. Malone. 1996. Stanford University Medical Center Office of communications. http://www.med.stanford.edu/center/Communications/Pressrel/October96/cfgene.html.
Despite the decreasing inequalities between men and women in both private and public spheres, aboriginal women continue to be oppressed and discriminated against in both. Aboriginal people in Canada are the indigenous group of people that were residing in Canada prior to the European colonization. The term First Nations, Indian and indigenous are used interchangeably when referring to aboriginal people. Prior to the colonization, aboriginal communities used to be matrilineal and the power between men and women were equally balanced. When the European came in contact with the aboriginal, there came a shift in gender role and power control leading towards discrimination against the women. As a consequence of the colonization, the aboriginal women are a dominant group that are constantly subordinated and ignored by the government system of Canada. Thus today, aboriginal women experiences double jeopardy as they belong to more than one disadvantaged group i.e. being women and belonging to aboriginal group. In contemporary world, there are not much of a difference between Aboriginal people and the other minority groups as they face the similar challenges such as gender discrimination, victimization, and experiences injustice towards them. Although aboriginal people are not considered as visible minorities, this population continues to struggle for their existence like any other visible minorities group. Although both aboriginal men and women are being discriminated in our society, the women tends to experience more discrimination in public and private sphere and are constantly the targeted for violence, abuse and are victimized. In addition, many of the problems and violence faced by aborigin...
Gene therapy works by introducing new and functioning genetic material to damaged genes to help it function and to produce beneficial proteins. If a gene is inserted directly into a cell, it usually will not function. So to complete this task, a vector, a modified virus is used to carry and deliver the new gene. There are two different categories of vectors than can be utilized in this process; recomb...
The civil rights activist, Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama. Rosa’s childhood brought her early experiences with racial discrimination and activism for racial equality. After her parents separated, Rosa’s mother moved the family to Pine Level, Alabama to live with her parents. Rosa’s mother taught her to read at a young age. When she was younger Rosa attended many segregated schools. In 1929, she attended a laboratory school for secondary education led by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes. Then she had to leave school to take care of her mother and grandmother. However, Rosa never returned to her studies; instead, she got a job at a shirt factory in Montgomery. In 1932, at age 19, Rosa met and married Raymond Parks. He was an active member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Later on, Rosa earned her high school degree in 1933. She soon became actively involved in civil rights issues by joining the Montgomery chapter of the NACCP in 1943.
For decades, prison has been signified as an unspeakably horrifying place for those who have done harm to our society. Nevertheless, in today 's society, shows like Wentworth, orange is the new black and prison break illustrate prison in an entertaining way. A way that is so detached from reality. However, in the article "Norway 's Ideal Prison," by Piers Hernu, he clearly reveals and gives us a vivid picture of what prison life is like in Bastoy, the home of Norway only prison. On the other hand, "The Prisoners Dilemma," by Stephan Chapman argues how in Islamic countries criminals are being cruelly handled and how flawed the American penal system is and needs to be adjusted. Even though there are many similarities in both articles on what
Rosa parks was a phenomenal woman whom played a tremendous part in our history. Rosa Parks was a woman who had changed our history for the best. She was a woman of authority and because of her, our world has changed from segregation to everyone was combined no matter your race, color, or the way you looked.
Over time as individuals age and are faced with access to care issues they may begin to neglect their oral health. As time passes between dental hygiene cleanings or dentist visits the presence of oral disease may begin to increase.
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by a mutation (change in DNA sequence that makes up a gene) in a person’s DNA. Inheriting a faulty gene can cause susceptibility to cancer and can cause many different conditions. A mutated gene creates a defective protein, which results in a disease (Defective gene▬►defective protein▬►disorder). Since gene therapy targets the faulty gene it treats the actual disease instead of treating the symptoms like most current medicine and treatments. Examples of genetic disorders are phenylketonuria, Huntington’s disease, sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and polycystic kidney disease. Gene therapy can also treat acquired diseases like some cancer, and Parkinson ’s disease. In 1990 adenosine deaminase deficiency (the lack of an important enzyme in the immune system) was the first genetic disorder to go through gene therapy trials. It was chosen because a simple gene causes it. The promising results gave gene therapy a good and hopeful start.
Rubanyi, G. (2001). The Future of Human Gene Therapy. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 22,3, pp. 113-142.
Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient’s cells as a drug to treat diseases such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) and Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency (ADA) and possibly cancer as well. It was first researched in 1985
Rosa Parks was a wonder women who “sat down” to stand up for her rights. She is the hero of our country and a ray of light for all the black communities out there. Women in American history have done tremendous jobs in making our country what it is today. I salute to all those women who stood up for their rights. Rosa Parks will always be remembered for the work she did for the black community. She was a big part of the history and will always remain so.
Gene therapy is the insertion of normal or genetically altered genes into cells usually to replace defective or diseased genes in the body. By using gene therapy, doctors can go to the source of the disorder or problem instead of prescribing a patient a countless number of drugs (Hogarth 1). Gene therapy was designed to introduce new and corrected genes to compensate for any abnormal genes. If a mutated gene causes a protein to be missing or to fail, gene therapy is a way to inject a new and normal copy of the correct gene to revitalize the function of the lost protein (Genetics Home Reference 1). With the help of medical advances in technology, gene therapy has gone from the idea stage, to technology development and laboratory research, to clinical trials for various disorders (ASGCT 2). It was not until the last five years that advances and trials of this new innovation had occurred (2). Gene therapy is currently being tested for results in cancer and other acquired diseases such as HIV or the flu. However, ...
1. One couple in the UK who had a child that died from cystic fibrosis was able to screen their new fetus' genes so that their child would be born healthy (Begley).
4. Wilson, J. IHGT The Institute for Human Gene Therapy. Obtained from the WWW. 10/16/99: http://www.med.upenn.edu/ihgt/info/whatisgt.html
As you can tell from just reading my paper, Rosa Parks was very famous and always will be for what she did. Rosa said “I would like to be known as a person who is concerned about freedom and equality and justice and prosperity for all people.” Well, she got what she wanted. She is definitely known as the courageous woman who was concerned about all those things. Rosa Parks was very inspirational and still is a figure of inspiration today. Even though she has been gone since 2005, only 9 years ago, you can visit the actual bus that Rosa Parks herself made her big first step into change of equality today. It is located at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Rosa Parks may be gone, but, she will never be forgotten. Especially because what she did, will live on forever and ever.
Gene therapy represents a promising tool to cure or dramatically transform the life of a child that has been handed a genetic death sentence. Can we reshape humans into entities that are free of disease, and revolutionize genetic disorders into nonexistence? The answers are within our reach, when manipulating the genetic code of organisms, or engineering entirely new organisms, promises to alter the way we relate to the natural world. Thus, gene therapy is the transfer of genetic material into cells of tissues to prevent or cure a disease by either replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy, or inactivating the mutated gene, and introducing new genes. By administration of DNA rather than a drug, many different diseases are currently being investigated as candidates for gene therapy. These include cystic fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, infectious diseases such as cancer and AIDS. This new foundation of unprecedented prospects should be preceded with caution, and should only be used in the developmental treatments of diseases to avoid abuse.