How the Arm and the Leg are Adapted for Their Special Function
Both the arm and the leg are adapted in a variety of ways to
accommodate their special functions. The primary function of the lower
limb is to support the weight of the body and to provide a stable
foundation in standing, walking and running. Thus, in general it can
be seen that in the lower limb, adaptation to stability takes
precedence over adaptation to mobility. The upper limb is the organ of
manual activity, and as such is a multijointed lever freely movable on
the upper trunk at the shoulder joint. At the distal end of the upper
limb is the important prehensile organ- the hand. Much of its
importance is dependent on the adaptations that allow the pincer-like
motion of the thumb.
Much of the stability of the lower limb is attributable to the pelvic
girdle. The body mass acts through the vertebral column on the pelvic
girdle, which in turn transmits forces to the lowerlimbs. Whereas the
pectoral girdle of the upper limb is united to the trunk by only a
small joint, the sternoclavicular joint, the two hip bones articulate
posteriorly with the trunk at the sacroiliac joints and anteriorly
with each other at the symphysis pubis. This stability is in marked
contrast with the upper limb. Forces are transmitted from the pelvis
to the femur at the hip joint. As a ball and socket, the hip is
intrinsically stable. The acetabulum being deepened by the acetabular
labrum, as well as strong capsular ligaments provide for a strong hip
joint. As the centre of gravity falls behind the hip joint, the
tendency when standing is for the hip to be hyperextended. The strong
iliofemora...
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...d, as well as the long
flexor and extensor muscles allow for the fine movements in the hand.
The lumbricals and interossei, being particularly of importance as
they flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the
interphalangeal joints, allowing for intricate movements of the
fingers such as in playing the piano or even holding a pen. The thenar
and hypothenar eminences help cup the hand, which along with the
palmar aponeurosis, allow for an increased grip.
Thus the upper and lower limbs, as opposed to the arm and the leg in
the essay question which anatomically only refers to the parts between
the shoulder and elbow and that between the knee joint and the ankle,
are many ways adapted to their special functions. A common theme being
the trade-off between stability and mobility, and yet which is more
important?
The gluteus maximus originates from both the ilium and the sacrum and inserts on the femur. The gluteus minimus abducts and rotates the thigh outward. The biceps femoris originates from the tuberosity of the ischium and is responsible for abducting the thigh and flexing the hindlimb or in humans the thigh/leg. The gastrognemius originates from the lateral sesamoid bone of the femur and extends the hindfoot in minks and the calves in humans (Scott).
head, to the right shoulder, all the way down to the right part of the
The play of "Extremities" was written by William Mastrosimone and is a very direct short piece. The play itself only has two acts; witch in theory is very simple. The first act is mainly the rising action of the play and then the climax is hit by the end of it. As act two begins the rising action of the show takes over and as always helps us to reach the main super objective of the show.
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This type of joint mainly includes long bones as it’s necessary for movement in the skeletal
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition by Eldra Pear Soloman (pgs. 51 and 58)
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Limb lengthening surgery has come a long way since the days of the first procedures that took place in the early 1950's. What a ground-breaking idea it was to lengthen limbs. This surgery meant freedom for people who were afflicted with crippling disabilities. For those who had suffered the debilitating disease of polio - to congenital limb defects or dwarfism, the hope of having straight, longer limbs was a God-send.
The soleus, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior contract isometrically to keep the ankle stable at 90 degrees (Teachpe.com n.d.) (The previous reference was used to identify key joint types and muscles throughout my analysis). The knee joint is extended when in the standing position, to stabilize this joint the biceps femoris, semi-mebranosus, semi-tendonosus (hamstrings) and the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus transcriptis and vastus medialis (quadriceps) co-contract isometrically. The vertebral column of the body remains stable due to the isometric co-contraction of the erector spinae, rectus abdominus and the external and internal obliques.... ...
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