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essay on the polygraph test
essay on the polygraph test
essay on the polygraph test
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A lie detector test is commonly called a polygraph. They are used to record a subject's natural reaction, such as an increase in heart rate, to questions. The polygraph tracks and records these factors using multiple smaller devices. It has been built and developed since 1878 (Côté, Michel, Sergeant). The polygraph has its advantages and disadvantages, some people even claim it can be tricked. The United States uses them, but scientist are still uncertain of their accuracy. Many other countries do not use them out of concern for accuracy. In recent years, their use has decreased due to the uncertainty. Polygraphs have always been, and might always be, controversial.
As stated before, Polygraphs aren't used as frequently as one would think.
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They tend to question, "If I had to take a lie detector test, could I lie my way through it?" Whether you can trick a Polygraph or not is also controversial, but tends to lean more toward not being true. A lot of experts insist it is highly unlikely that a person would be able to trick a Polygraph because you simply cannot control things such as heart rate and breathing (Robinson, Bryan). It has also been said that you cannot trick a Polygraph because the questions are re-worded and repeated. This way, if you do lie, you have to remember your lie and repeat it while still keeping your heart rate and breathing under control (Palmer, Alun). This tactic, like may questioning tactics, originates from regular interrogations where the subject is asked the same question multiple times. It's harder to remember a lie than the truth. One expert says, "I don't want to say it's impossible, I believe it can be done in a highly controlled environment where the subject has been instructed to lie and has nothing to lose." (Robinson, Bryan). This is also a hard thing to test, because if anyone has ever lied their way through a Polygraph, we wouldn't even know unless it was a controlled experimental environment. These types of experiments would be hard to conduct, and therefore have not been done. This is a problem because part of the reason issues with Polygraphs still exist is because they are hard to
In “The Interview” by Douglas Starr, He talks about the different techniques they use when interrogating suspects to determine whether the suspect is lying. One technique they use is called the Reid Technique and that is when
One of the last types of ways investigators are coached to detect deception is in the behavioral attitudes of a person being interviewed such as being unconcerned or over anxious (Kassin, 2005). The success rate of looking for these cues are very successful in telling if an individual is being deceitful and has surpassed any laboratory tests conducted on the subject. The laboratory test however did reveal some interesting facts. The research showed that people who had training and experience did not score better than the control group who received no training. In fact all individuals scored at the chance level with the people who had training scored just above chance or at the chance level. To check if special training in the detection of deception was more accurate a study ...
Sometimes people create false confessions on their own without tampering from the police. “In the jogger case, four of the teens made incriminating admissions, but their descriptions of the attack were incomplete, inaccurate and, at times, contradictory. Investigators who reviewed the case were careful not to suggest wrongdoing or coercion on the part of the police”(Tyre). The police did their job, but “the teens were simply telling the police what the cops wanted to hear”(Tyre). In these situations, some people would prefer not spending hours and hours being interrogated and would rather just have the case settled, even if it not the truth. "A third of people who confess to crimes didn 't do it and incriminated themselves without physical coercion by police"(Slobodzian). This also means majority of those who produce false confessions did not think up the idea on their own. Police brutality during interrogation is still happening, though some are lucky not to experience
In Laurence Armand French Ph.D. and Thomas J. Young Ph.D.’s article The False Memory Syndrome: Clinical/Legal Issues for the Prosecution talks about memory recall being an unreliable form of evidence in the Criminal Justice System. French and Young state that hypnosis and lie detector tests are a misconception because “the cognitive interpretations of the emotional/autonomic aspects of the central nervous (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems are not true indicators of reality,” (p. 38).
People face ethical dilemmas every day. But it is perhaps, most prevalent in the law enforcement profession. Law enforcement officers face ethical dilemmas constantly. Some of the ethical issues that police face each day are: racial profiling, officer discretion, police officer loyalty, police officer abuse, and interrogatory deception. This paper will discuss the purpose of interrogatory deception, ways in which it is used, some of the current debates over the practice, and a landmark ruling in the Miranda case of 1966 which attempted to cease the use of intimidation and coercion practices of the police.
Psychological research and application have established that it is not only people with learning disability or major mental illness that are susceptible to make false confessions. In order for a confession to be false, a person must either confess to a crime that he or she is completely innocent of or overstate his or her involvement in the crime. False confessions can be either voluntary or coerced. Although it is methodologically difficult to establish the frequency of false confessions, anecdotal evidence such as self-reports and case studies indicate that reported cases are only the ‘tip of the iceberg’. It appears that young people are particularly vulnerable and often make false confessions in order to protect others. Standardized psychological tests have been devised in order to assess personality factors such as suggestibility and compliance that render some people more vulnerable than others. The reason people make false confessions is typically due to a combination of factors such as psychological vulnerabilities, nature of the custodial confinement and the police interviewing tactics. Notorious cases of false confessions which have lead to the wrongful convictions of innocent people subsequently spending years in prison represent some of the worst cases of miscarriage of justice in Britain. One such cases, that of Engin Raghip of the so-called ‘Tottenham three’ will be discussed in the context of admissibility of psychological evidence in order to demonstrate how the judiciary has increasingly come to accept the psychological notion that most people, under certain circumstances, are susceptible to making false confessions.
One of the components of Reid approach is training the interrogators to establish whether a suspect is lying or telling the truth by evaluating the nonverbal and verbal behavior during the interview. Many people question the effectiveness of interrogation training in assisting to discern truth from suspects. According Professor Richard Leo, people are poor in drawing accurate judgments of deception and truth (Leo, 2013). The behavior prompts used police are not diagnostic of deception, the investigators cannot differentiate false from truth denials of guilt, and yet they maintain they draw accurate
The purpose or “goal of [an] interrogation is to facilitate the act of confessing [and obtaining truth]” (Leo & Thomas, 1998). The problem arises when an officer sits down with a suspect in an attempt to gain information or a confession; however, the suspect refuses to cooperate. So how can an officer facilitate the process and get a suspect to talk or even better, confess? Years ago this was accomplished by police through the use of force also known as police brutality. That practice has been abandoned due to the infringement of individual rights. Police were forced to seek an alternate means of obtaining information that did not rely on inhumane practices. This turnaround came in the form of trickery and deceit; called interrogatory deception. This type of psychological coercion is taught and practiced daily by today’s law enforcement. It is based on the utilitarian standpoint by police that the means justifies the outcome. This type of interrogation is performed in a way “which elicits admissions by deceiving suspects who have waived their right to remain silent” (Skolnick & Leo, 1992). For example, an officer co...
Employment and interpretations of the polygraph poses as the greatest threat to the testing subject. It is generally agreed upon psychophysiologist's that there is no specific lie response. Basically, no specific action has been identified and allocated as an irrepressible deceptive cue. This seems to be very contradicting to the whole purpose of the polygraph test. The fact that the polygraph is wide open to interpretation crates invalidity from the start.
Thesis: To inform my audience about polygraphs, the polygraph tests, and the controversy of them.
Their actions can be deceiving. They manipulate people and situations, they coerce citizens, and are dishonest. They are encouraged and rewarded for their practices. Police officers often lie to suspects about witnesses and evidence. They are deceitful when attempting to learn about criminal activity. Most of these actions are sanctioned, legal, and expected. Although, police officers are allowed to be dishonest in certain circumstances, they are also required to be trustworthy, honest, and maintain the highest level of integrity. To perform their job effectively, police officers lie. They use deception, manipulation, and coercion to obtain information. Police officers often tell those suspected of committing crimes that they have physical evidence implicating the suspect when there is no such evidence. They tell suspects that they have witnesses who have identified or implicated the suspect, knowing full well the witness does not exist. Officers will tell suspects that a polygraph has shown that the suspect was lying when the officer knows that the polygraph did not indicate deception, or was inconclusive. Police officers will conceal their identity, and even deny that they are police officers while attempting to obtain evidence. Some of these practices are justifiable, others may create ethical concerns and some are beyond the law or ethical policing. Police officers abuse their power when they engage in
A polygraph test can record a person's breathing rate, pulse, blood pressure, perspiration and other significant physiological changes that suggest a person is lying, but it should not be used as evidence in a court of law because it does not provide reliable proof of a person's physical reaction to the stress of lying.
After reviewing the article “Inside Interrogation: The Lie, The Bluff, and False Confessions”, it became very evident the huge problem with interrogations and false confessions in the criminal justice system is with false confession. Jennifer T. Perillo and Saul M. Kassin crafted three distinct experiments to try and better understand false confessions and how trues the actual numbers in real life are. What Perillo and Kassin were trying to prove is that “the bluff technique should elicit confessions from perpetrators but not from innocents” (Perillo, Kassin 2010). What is called the “Bluff Technique” is an interrogation technique that uses a sort of threat or hint that there is certain proof that a person will think is more of a promise for
They use the Polygraphs to ask you questions, so they can try and see if you are lying are not. Even though a Polygraphs are used to try and tell if you are lying they are not admissible in court. The results of a Polygraphs are not admissible in court because the results are not 100% accurate. The Polygraphs measure your heart rate, blood pressure, Respiratory rate, and electrodermal activity (Lilienfeld, Sally) . If you ever have take a lie detector test don’t worry because Polygraphs test are not admissible in court. Polygraphs are not admissible in court because they are not always accurate. They don’t want to sent someone to jail for something they didn't do. People can cheat polygraphs and there are some little tricks you can
A popular way on many crime dramas to determine if a suspect is lying or telling the truth is by hooking them up to a polygraph machine. In a matter of a minute the police are able to determine if the suspect is lying and guilty or, on the rare occasion, telling the truth and innocent. But, one has to wonder, is it really that simple? Polygraphs measure four main factors that are thought to change when a lie is told and more importantly, it is assumed that these changes indicate deception. The four main factors are blood pressure, heart beat, perspiration, and breathing and these are recorded by using simple devices. It is important to note from the beginning that those who question the reliability of polygraphs do not doubt the reliability of the measurements, but the ability of the measurements to indicate and/or prove deception. Even though doubt exists as to the reliability, polygraphs are used not only in law enforcement settings, but also in intelligence agencies, in the maintaining security of industry, and for public safety and service around the world. Despite its prevalence, there are many groups that call into question the effectiveness, reliability, and fairness of polygraph testing. This paper will explore this question by first looking into the history of polygraphs including court rulings and how polygraph tests are done, then current use, and finally looking at sources of bias and error in the test and the process.