Introduction
The developmental routes for these cells are very complex and unique but there are similarities. B-cells produce antibodies to bind onto foreign bodies that have invaded the host organism; this allows cells such as cytotoxic T-cells will then destroy the infected cell/structure. On the other hand, T-cells such as T-helper cells that secrete cytokines to control immune responses and cytotoxic T-cells that destroy pathogenic cells and structures.
B-Cells
B-cells develop from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These stem cells have become Pro-B cells when they have begun to express B-cell marker proteins such as CD34 and rearrange the genes that code for the heavy chains in its B-Cell Receptor (BCR). In the next stage of development, Pro-B cells will become Pre-B cells. The transition to Pre-B cells involves the expression of the μ heavy chain on the cell surface. “The RNA transcript is spliced to produce the mRNA”[1] to synthesize the μ chain and express it on the surface of the cell in the Pro-B cell to Pre-B cell stage. Now the Pre-B cell can develop into an immature B-cell. Light chains of the BCR need to be expressed before the cell can be called an immature B-cell. Once this is complete, an immature B-cell has been produced.
Immature B-cells play a vital role in the prevention of autoimmunity. If immature B-cells happen to be self-reactive, autoimmunity can arise. These cells would be killed as soon as they come into contact with a self-antigen, as they are so self-reactive. Cells will abnormally high self-reactivity are killed via apoptosis before they can enter the general cell population, this is where ~90% of produced cells are lost before ...
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This condition occurs when the immune system produce abnormal response against substances that are normally present in the body. The immune system becomes incapable in differentiating healthy body tissues and antigens, which results in the destruction of normal body tissues. This is usually characterized by hypersensitivity reaction almost identical to the response in allergic conditions. The cause of the autoimmune disorders are still unknown, however, there is a theory stating that some microorganisms or drugs may have trigger these changes. These can also affect one or multiple organs or tissues. Some of the most commonly affected are blood vessels, joints, muscles, red blood cells, skin, and connective tissues.
Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. Meiosis and mitosis describes the process by which cells divide. either by asexual or sexual reproduction to produce a new organism. Meiosis is a form of cell division that produces gametes in humans.
Encyclopaedia of Molecular Cell biology and molecular medicine, Robert Meyers, 2004, Wiley (page 221/426/385/416/237/ 2224/5321/5414/8869)
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
Miller, K. R., & Levine, J. S. (2010). Miller & Levine biology. Boston, Mass: Pearson
In the 1960s the HeLa cells were everywhere. In the 1960s the scientist wondered since the cells grew so fast and lived on earth so well if they would live in space. They got the idea to send the Hela cells to space. They sent several vials into space by the Discoverer XVII when it went. They discovered that when the HeLa cells went to space they became more powerful and divided faster every time they went to space. Several years later in 1965 they took equal amounts from the HeLa cells and cells from a mouse. The scientists done this to study to see what the genes would do. Harris also took HeLa cells and chicken cells, but they discovered they couldn’t reproduce.
Seattle Education Project. (2013, November). STEP: The Immune System - An Overview, [Online]. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html [11/12/14].
Cain, M. L., Urry, L. A., & Reece, J. B. (2010). Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings.
There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.
Adaptive immune system happens much quicker to the presence of an “infection creating potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humeral immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.”
In addition to serving as a drainage system, the lymphatic system, along with the lymphoid tissues and organs, play a vital role in the body’s immune system to create an immune response. The body ...
DeVeale, B., Brummel, T., & Seroude, L. (2004). Immunity and aging: the enemy within?. Aging Cell, 3(4), 195-208.