In the 1960s, doctors in the United States predicted that infectious diseases were in decline. US surgeon Dr. William H. Stewart told the nation that it had already seen most of the frontiers in the field of contagious disease. Epidemiology seemed destined to become a scientific backwater (Karlen 1995, 3). Although people thought that this particular field was gradually dying, it wasn’t. A lot more of it was destined to come. By the late 1980s, it became clear that people’s initial belief of infectious diseases declining needed to be qualified, as a host of new diseases emerged to infect human beings (Smallman & Brown, 2011).With the current trends, the epidemics and pandemics we have faced have created a very chaotic and unreliable future for mankind. As of today, it has really been difficult to prevent global epidemics and pandemics. Although the cases may be different from one state to another, the challenges we all face are all interconnected in this globalized world.
Other, more surreptitious opponents of science abound as well. Ironically, one such antagonist originates from within academia itself: the postmodernists. Of this group, Bishop writes: "According to these "postmodernists," the supposedly objective truths of science are in reality all "socially constructed fictions," no more than "useful myths,...
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a respiratory illness that had recently been reported in Asia, North America, and Europe. SARS was first reported is Asia in February of 2003, over the next few months it spread to more than a dozen countries. By late July 2003, no new cases were being reported and the global outbreak was declared over by the World Health Organization. During this time period 8,098 people worldwide became infected with SARS and out of these 774 died. In the United States a total of 192 SARS cases had been reported, including 159 suspect and 33 probable cases. Of the probable only 8 had laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV infection. Luckily, no SARS relate deaths occurred in the US.
SARS was first identified in China in November 2002 and within only a few months, the disease spread across the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by July 2003 a total of 8,437 people worldwide had become ill with SARS, leading to 813 deaths. Cases were reported in over 30 countries across five different continents. Strong levels
Another way for humans to contract the disease is through weaponized bioterrorism (10). The WMD commission of the US Congress said that it’s “more likely than not” that a terrorist attack will occur during the year 2013 and that it is most likely that the threat will be biological rather than nucl...
During the course of human history, pandemic diseases have threatened the balance of civilization itself. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other infectious agents have changed the way we eat, sleep, and live our lives. One of these scourges was smallpox, a highly infectious and deadly disease that causes boils to sprout on the entire body. Once endemic to the entire world, it has been wiped out with mass vaccination efforts by the World Health Organization with the last reported case being in 1977 in Somalia (Tucker 118). The threat of the virus still looms over us, however, with the advent of the age of terrorism. Its transmission method (human to human), the lack of effective treatment, its high mortality rate, and its ease of weaponization has compelled the Centers for Disease Control to classify it as a Category A bioterrorist agent with the highest potential for use as a weapon against civilians (Ryan 41).
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an upper respiratory infection caused by a coronavirus. The etiological agent responsible for SARS is called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS-CoV is a relatively novel mutated form of coronavirus, resulting in a virus capable of becoming infectious in a human host. Typically, coronaviruses express themselves much like a common cold. However, SARS-CoV can cause complications uncommon in other coronavirus strains. A host infected with SARS-CoV may develop additional infections, like pneumonia or respiratory failure6,7. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),37 SARS-CoV presents itself as an atypical cold but with similar symptoms, resulting in a virulent pathogen
After the outbreak in Hong Kong, people started to take the disease more seriously. An outbreak occurs in Vietnam, tracing back to a man admitted in a Hanoi hospital for a high fever and sore throat. He goes on to infect 20 staff members at that hospital. At every hospital where these symptoms were present, the staff kept getting sick. The disease was termed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS for short. By March, there was even a case of a flight attendant from Singapore who contracted the disease from a stay at a Hong Kong hotel. It was later found that through contact she had spread her case to 100 others in Singapore.
Bioterrorism is an increasing problem that we are faced with into today’s society, with one of the more recently known outbreaks being Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever. Bioterrorism is defined as an attack on humans, plants, and animals that is caused by deliberately released viruses, bacteria, or other germs called agents to cause illness or death. Bioterrorism has many dangers that affect health care, and several ways we can confront and eliminate bioterrorism as well with several federal programs in place to help with the preparedness of health care facilities. There are also different types and categories of bioterrorism.
The 2003 SARS outbreak incited new laws and policies regarding epidemics in the countries affected. The most drastic changes to health and epidemic policies occurred in China, where the SARS virus appears to have started. In China, any information about SARS was initially was kept secret in order not to damage China’s trade or image. Consequentially, the SARS virus outbreak made its way to Beijing and escalated into a national health threat. Once SARS became a national and global issue, the Chinese government began a campaign against SARS. The campaign included laws and regulations regarding SARS and other epidemics as well as improvements to medical resources. Two major pieces of legislation to emerge from this campaign were Regulations on Dealing with the Outbreak of Public Health Emergencies and Measures on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Atypical Pneumonia. In addition, The Laws of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, originally created in 1989, was republished. Collectively, these three laws reformed emergency information reporting, treatment, and prevention of epidemics.