Criminology is the study of crime in general and the study of criminals.It focuses on the effects of crime on people and the society and helps criminologists and other agencies to identify what made an individual commit a crime and also how to prevent criminal behaviour within our communities.
Somerville, P., & Steele, A. (2002). 'Race', housing and social exclusion. London: Jessica Kinsglsy Publishers.
Quigley, J. M. (2002, April 3). A decent home: Housing policy in perspective, (pp. 53-99). Berkley, CA. University of California, Berkley Program on Housing and Urban Policy. Retrieved June 20, 2011 from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8f57x42q
Instead of focusing on the relationship between federal housing policy and segregation, as does Mohl, DiPasquale explores how rental housing and federal policies affect each other. In her article, “Rental Housing: Current Market Conditions and the Role of Federal Policy,” DiPasquale challenges the federal policies that were in place at the time she wrote her article. She brings to attention her belief that in the past, government policies have given much of their focus to homeowners and little to the renter. Through her research, DiPasquale had found that rental housing had become increasingly less affordable, especially to poorer tenants, who are spending a greater portion of their income on rent. This not only poses a problem to the renters, but also to the landlords, for if the renters cannot pay the rent, the landlords get a vacancy and no income from their property. She also asserts her belief that homeownership is not for everyone, and uses evidence from the recent housing crisis to support her claim. Her article calls for a revamping of current federal policies to level the playing field between home owning and renting. By doing so, households will have more choices available to them when it comes to choosing suitable housing for them
Nevertheless, the previous researches were either focused on the role of affordable housing associating with residential stability or educational improvement for children and employment outcomes for the adults (Manturuk, 2012). Others also emphasized that affordable housing could contribute to community-wide economic development, both for troubled and vibrant communities (Lubell et al., 2007). In addition, even the past researches started to examine the impact difference from various categories ownerships versus; however, the subcate...
The solutions to residential segregation could be classified according to the basis which include place, people and indirect approaches (Bouston, 2013). The main aim of policies based on place is to improve the amenities and housing stocks in black dominated neighborhoods as a means of encouraging the white to settle in these areas or alternatively creation of affordable options for housing in the whites’ neighborhood to encourage the white settling in such places. However the challenges to this approach is that research conducted showed that the white households still had a negative mentality towards the black neighborhoods and no matter the improvement to these neighborhoods, they still won’t move. Another challenge with the policy is that improvements to neighborhoods will consequently lead to rise in house prices making it unaffordable even to those currently living
One of the biggest concerns of criminology is the reason why the criminals commit the crimes that they do. Whether it’s due to a mental disease or genetics. Even if the criminal is healthy and has been planning it for months analyzing the consequences and results. Could the society that the criminal has grown up in ever be at fault causing him to act the way he or she did? People have been trying to find the reason that criminals commit these crimes for many years, and the numbers of theories that have been come up with looks to be the same number of criminologists. A criminologist is “one who studies the biological and sociological causes and consequences of crime and criminal behavior (such as the effects of mental defects and social environment).” Their job is to figure out why criminals acted the way they did and how to change the person in order to not repeat it, in other words rehabilitate them. Rehabilitation teaches the prisons to live a better life when let out instead of being punished in prison. When a criminal commits a crime the reason for the action is a very important part of the case and after the prisoner is behind bars, then they can find a solution for the crime to not be repeated by the same convict.
Housing is a necessity of life as living conditions can affect an individual’s health in the long run, but after 10 years of economic expansion Canada has yet to resolve this issue: one out of five households in Canada are unable to afford acceptable shelter (Shapcott, 2009). The Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion recognizes shelter as a basic prerequisite (Bryant, 2009). Many people are suffering, as the income gap between owners and tenants has grown wider throughout the years (Shapcott, 2009). There have been studies conducted by Canada and the Housing Mortgage Corporation have shown that the cost of rent is increasing much faster than income, as the existing amount of housing continues to deteriorate and overcrowding in households is increasing; this is also known as hidden homelessness (Bryant, 2009). Homelessness is a temporary experience, not an identity or a permanent trait. It includes a continuum of housing circumstances (Paradis,
Sidney, Mara S. 2003. Unfair Housing: How National Policy Shapes Community Action. Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas.
In Evicted by Matthew Desmond, Desmond examines the complex nature of poverty and elucidates on the housing dilemma that prevents the poor from breaking from the vicious cycle of poverty. Desmond examines the lives of eight American families from different backgrounds and races and records their life stories. By documenting the struggles and difficulties that they face, Desmond demonstrates that even though the United States is one of the wealthiest countries in the world, it still has much ground to cover to try to untangle the complex nature of poverty in order to find productive solutions.
Introduction: Criminology is a scientific approach to the study of crime and why it occurs. Criminologists examine this both on the individual and on the societal level. Meaning, why do individuals commit crime, and how society reacts to those crimes. As we look at the root causes of crime, we begin to notice certain aspects of people’s lives that causes them to offend - like a poor social standing, or perhaps an individual’s peer group who may allow or even support negative influences. We can also try to understand why some individuals choose NOT to offend and live pro-social lives despite negative external influences. These concepts and ideas are known as crime theories. There are many and they are wide-ranging.
Housing segregation is as the taken for granted to any feature of urban life in the United States (Squires, Friedman, & Siadat, 2001). It is the application of denying minority groups, especially African Americans, equal access to housing through misinterpretation, which denies people of color finance services and opportunities to afford decent housing. Caucasians usually live in areas that are mostly white communities. However, African Americans are most likely lives in areas that are racially combines with African Americans and Hispanics. A miscommunication of property owners not giving African American groups gives an accurate description of available housing for a decent area. This book focuses on various concepts that relates to housing segregation and minority groups living apart for the majority group.
In the Pulitzer prize-winning novel Evicted, sociologist Matthew Desmond follows eight families as he exposes how the lack of affordable housing perpetuates a state of poverty. He even goes so far as to assert that it is eviction that is a cause of poverty, not the other way around (Desmond 229). While this latter argument is as engrossing and it is striking, analyzing it with justice is simply not possible within the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, it is these two factors—inescapable poverty and eviction—that engender an unrelenting condition of financial, emotional, and communal instability, effectively hindering any chance of upward mobility.
Poverty can endanger the safety of many people. Living arrangements can put children at a greater risk of being in an unstable environment. The “instability of living arrangements and homelessness due to poverty, place children at increased risk of being injured (Leschid31).” Many experts show the less money a person makes the less affordable houses will be available, this will have a
The housing in Los Angeles is not enough for the population and the current policies have not focussed of the solution to these problems (Varady et al., 2005). Providing temporally housing and short-term jobs to the chronically homeless people does not reduce the number of homeless people in the city but only covers the problem for a while. Acting to the urgent of those without shelter for long is important but solving the root to the problem is what needs to be done. The government of the United States pays private landlords rent for the sake of the enlisted Section 8 beneficiaries but most of the house owners are not in full support of this move. Most of them prefer to rent their houses at the market rate. There are other more homeless people who have not benefited from this policy because they do not qualify yet they still have shelter. The trend in the rent is a cause for alarm and the number of homeless people will increase as soon as more are unable to afford rent and face evictions. The government continues to subsidise rent through Section 8 policy but the society should take up the challenge of contributing towards reducing homelessness. Inadequate employment has forced the poor people out of houses and the society is expected to do their social duty in respect to the homeless in the