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The United States government has had a long history of playing a dirty hand in the overthrow of foreign nations governments, through economic, militaristic, and clandestine ways. Since, the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, the US government has been meddling in world affairs in countries thousands of miles away. America's leaders have always labeled meddling in the affairs of other countries, the ones the public knew about, as restoration of freedoms to the peoples of that nation, or trying to stop the spread of communism. The result of this paper is to explore the reasons that the US government chose to validate their interference in the governments of foreign nations, and the effects those decisions had on the current worldly situation.
Most of the governmental interference conducted by the United States, had to do with American economic interests in those countries. For example, the overthrow of the Hawaiian government was a direct result of sugarcane planters loosing profits due to the American tariff on foreign produced sugar. Since Hawaii was not a territory or state of the USA, much of the profit gained by the sugarcane planters was lost. This drove the wealthy Hawaiian sugarcane planters to form a group, that with the intimidating effect of the US Military, drove Queen Liliuokalani from power, and established the islands of Hawaii as a territory of the United States. That allowed for the sugarcane growers to freely grow their cane and reduce losses from the import tariff. That is the first American overthrow of a foreign government. Since most of the meddling in foreign countries governmental status was during the imperialist period of the early 20th century, the only deposing of foreign government's was for the advance...
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...oil came before protecting a democracy, that had absolutely no ties or threats from communism was astounding. The fact that a democracy itself, that the US could use it's money and power to stop others from prospering under democracy, and instead overthrow a democratic leader, install a new prime minister and re-instate the shah, who then turned into a tyrannical monarch who used terror squads of a special police force, to bully the members of his nation into submission , and then for the United States to continue to support the shah up until the 1979 revolution in Iran, is quite a travesty indeed. This still bites the USA today, in the form of a country that has had a penchant for the United States ever since it meddled in it's government in 1953. The coup that the CIA sponsored and took out, may have very well created the real world problems we see today in Iran.
As stronger nations exercise their control over weaker ones, the United States try to prove their authority, power and control over weaker nations seeing them as unable to handle their own issues thereby, imposing their ideology on them. And if any of these weaker nations try to resist, then the wrath of the United States will come upon them. In overthrow the author Stephen Kinzer tells how Americans used different means to overthrow foreign government. He explains that the campaign & ideology of anti- communism made Americans believe that it was their right and historical obligation to lead forces of good against those of iniquity. They also overthrew foreign government, when economic interest coincided with their ideological ones (kinzer.215). These factors were the reasons behind America’s intervention in Iran, Guatemala, South Vietnam and Chile to control and protect multinational companies as well as the campaign against communism with little or no knowledge about these countries.
Steven Hook and John Spanier's 2012 book titled “American foreign policy since WWII" serves as one of the most important texts that can be used in understanding the underlying complexities on American foreign policies. Like the first readings that are analyzed in class (American Diplomacy by George Kennan and Surprise, Security, and the American Experience by John Lewis Gaddis), this text also brings history into a more understandable context. Aside from being informative and concise in its historical approach, Hook and Spanier also critiques the several flaws and perspectives that occurred in the American foreign policy history since World War II.
As the United States developed into a world economic power, it also became a military and political power. Certain things led Americans to become more involved in world affairs, such as territorial growth. There were also consequences to the nation’s new role, like conflict between citizens and people of power. United States government and leaders had to learn the “hard way”, the challenges and negativity that they would face, such as loss of money and lack of control between certain nations, and the positive effects such as expansion of territory and alliances.
It is somehow strange for today’s reader to find out that the situation with America’s foreign affairs hasn’t changed much. As some clever people have said, “The History book on the shelf is always repeating itself.” Even after nineteen years, Americans think of themselves as citizens of the strongest nation in the world. Even after the September the 11th. Even after Iraq. And Afghanistan.
In conclusion, this extensive review of American foreign policy is just very broad. This topic is his shortened summary of a broad topic in a narrative arrangement, if they contributed anything to the historical understanding of this book. Ambrose and Brinkley made the topic very fascinating and easier to comprehend than a plain textbook. By writing Rise to Globalism and narrating stories without including unnecessary truths and statistics. Thanks to this book, I gained a more thorough understanding of the struggles in the Middle East after Vietnam and a new perception on where American presently stands in the world.
It is the intention of this essay to explain the United States foreign policy behind specific doctrines. In order to realize current objectives, this paper will proceed as follows: Part 1 will define the Monroe Doctrine, Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 will concurrently explicate the Roosevelt Corollary, Good Neighbor Policy, and the Nixon Doctrine, discuss how each policy resulted in U.S. involvement in Latin American countries, describe how it was justified by the U.S. government, respectively, and finally, will bring this paper to a summation and conclusion.
The United States “hands have not always been clean” (Landau 1999, page 16). It seems that as time passes more and more of past United States foreign policy actions are discovered to have been a cause of corruption rather than security. Recently numbers of declassified documents show the fraud of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. It is apparent that Kissinger directly assisted General Augusto Pinochet into power in Chile and despite his knowledge of Pinochet’s human rights violations he deliberately ensured his stay in power (Landau 1999; page 16). Currently the legal action being taken against Henry Kissinger must be taken seriously to show current United States officials, the cruelty of our nations past and how we are guilty of initiating and helping a brutal dictatorship for sixteen years.
Despite President Woodrow Wilson’s belief that the US had a responsibility to “make the world at last free,” many Americans felt overseas intervention was not justified (Document 3). Wilson thought the US to be the ultimate example of democracy and freedom. He and others supported overseas intervention without thinking of the consequences the intrusion might cause. The many instances of American intrusion overseas from 1870-1920 have evidenced my understanding that US intervention was not justified, in any context.
During the institution and emerging years of the United States of America to present, we have witnessed some questionable acts committed by the United States. Now days the United States condemn and prosecute nations that get involved in these kinds of tyrannous practices; practices that lead the United States to become the superpower nation today. Often times American people act like if the United States had the ultimate word when it comes to morals and principles. We will go back in time to talk about the massacre and displacement of millions of Natives Americans along with the semi-extinction of their lifestyle and heritage. It is also important to look at the indentured servitude slavery to which the African people were subject to. Another example was the convenient exploitation of the foreign Chinese, Irish and Mexican labor forces and a double standard emigration policy. Lastly the use of intimidation and force for the appropriation of foreign territories such as Hawaii, Philippines. There is help of rising rebels in other countries in order to achieve United States goals. Humans are supposed to learn from past mistakes so they do not commit them again. There is a great irony in calling other governments tyrannous and then imposing our own agenda on their society. The United States have historically and presently demonstrated what could be considered “tyrannous” behavior towards other nations and societies. The United States history has a stain in every page and therefore we are not a good candidate to intervene in other nations affairs.
Throughout the 20th century, the United States tried to control Iran to ensure the exportation of oil to America. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi came to power in 1941 and became allies with the United States. However in the 1950s, Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh began to gain political power. Unlike the Shah, he was extremely against western influence in Iran. Mossadegh won national elections and he demanded more power. In order to retain influence in Iran, the CIA helped overthrow Mossadegh and bring Pahlavi back to power....
The United States overthrew 14 countries in approximately one century. They started with Hawaii (1893) and ended with Iraq (2003). They used force (troops) and the CIA to do most of the overthrowing. The first era (Imperial Era) was caused by the United States economic interest and they used military power to invade territory. The second and third eras (Cold War Era and Invasion Era) had mostly communism factors and also some economic. The Cold War Era used the CIA to depose of the foreign governments. The Invasion Era used American troops to overthrow governments. The United States always took care of American companies in foreign ground and acted against communist governments or pro-communist. It even went as far as killing the people they put in power in foreign governments if they started showing pro-communism views.
"The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 defined United States foreign policy in the Americas for the rest of the 19th century and beyond. It declared that the United States had an interest in the Western Hemisphere and the European powers must not meddle in the affairs of any developing nations there. The United States was a young nation in 1823 and did not really have to powers to back up the Monroe Doctrine. However, the policy was used to justify the sending of the U.S. troops into Mexico in 1866 (to intimidate the French) and the purchased of Alaska in 1867". Another case of Imperialism was the United States industrial economy was growing so fast that they were producing more goods than they could consume. The over abundance of industrial goods led the United States to look for new markets. Next came the Spanish-American War, which started with the Americans not liked the way that the Spaniards were treated the Cubans. After this an U.S. battleship (Maine) was docked outside of Havana (Cuba's Capital) and all of a sudden exploded from under the sea. At the time no one actually knew the real reason why the ship exploded but many Americans thought that it was the Spaniards. 266 officers and men were lost in the explosion. William McKinley (U.S. President 1897-1901) went to congress and asked for permission to send troops to help stop the fighting in Cuba. After a couple of days he was given permission which shortly led to war. Spain declared war on the United States on April 24th followed by an U.S. declaration of war on the 25th.
Nye, Jr., Joseph S. “Hard and Soft Power in American Foreign Policy.” In Paradox of American Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 4-17. Print.
Initially and primarily the US’s influence in the Middle East was to prevent a hostile power from gaining control over a vital resource. With the outbreak of the 1973 Arab-Israeli conflict, the perception of oil as a strategic commodity surfaced. The Arab states cut off all petroleum deliveries to the United States and forming cutbacks to other countries. At the same time, the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced a rapid increase in the pr...
...ment and assistance. As witnessed in Chile popular regimes were toppled using brutal means to sustain the stooges of the American regime which helped them in sustaining their dominance and war against Russians. Poverty and suffering brought about by dictators like Augustino Pinochet and others supported by Americans were ignored simply because of their support to Americans. It was sheer hypocrisy and shameful when the concepts which Americans believed (Democracy and Capitalism) were meant to safeguard their interests but not practiced ideologies.