Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem
Hospitallers of St. John, or in full The Sovereign Military Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, is one of the most important military orders that existed since before the crusades. It was founded in early 12th century by a person known as Gerard or Gerald. Even if the family name or birth place of this Gerard is not known for sure, his title as a founder of the order was confirmed by an official document, the Bull of Paschal II dated 1113 and addressed to “Geraudo institutori ac praeposito Hirosolimitani Xenodochii.” Hospitallers of St. John is dedicated to St. John the Baptist, and it follows the rules of St. Augustine. The beginning of the order is different from those of other hostelries of its period, because others were dependent on their churches or monasteries while St. John's supported itself. It profited from the presence of the crusaders and from the gratitude people felt for the hospitality they received. Thus, the order had revenues and territories in the new kingdom of Jerusalem and in Europe as well.
At the very beginning, the order was completely devoted to the hospitalization of pilgrims visiting the Holy Places in Jerusalem. It started to develop some military characters when Raymond of Provence (1120-1160) succeeded Gerard as the first Grand Master of the order. He sponsored an armed escort for the pilgrims. Eventually, this armed escort evolved into a heavy cavalry whose members were crusaders from Europe and Turcopoles - natives of mixed blood. The very first military dignitaries in the order were “the marshal” for the command of the knights and “the turcopoliers” for the command of the turcopoles. Later the grand masters, heads of the church, started to go into battle. For example, Gosbert, the fifth successor of Raymond, died on the battle field in 1177.
Rules directly concerning knights were added to the rules of the order by the ninth Grand Master, Alfonso of Portugal, around 1200. The rules made notable distinction between secular knights and the professed knights. The secular knights were externs to the order and did not stay with it for life. They just serve it for some time, and then go on with their lives like usual.
[4.1] On average, how many high and low tides will a given spot on the coast experience in a day, and why?
Oprah Winfrey achieved great success in her various endeavors, growing from a news reporter in Nashville to the world-famous talk show host she is today. During the 1980s, talk shows were a crucial part of daytime television. Shows were organized based upon their content and varied greatly in subject. The popularity of talk shows led many people to enter this field, leading to a constant struggle for airtime. Oprah’s rise to fame began when she moved from her hometown in Nashville, to college in Baltimore and ultimately to Chicago, where she lives today. She appeared on an early morning television program called A.M. Chicago, which was later retitled The Oprah Winfrey Show which aired its first episode on September 8, 1986. Talk shows like Oprah’s were wildly popular, especially to women, because they focused on entertaining their viewers rather than discussing political problems. The thirty-minute to hour-long programs allowed for people to escape their problems, even if only for a short period of time (Rose). Biographer, Ilene Cooper took on the challenge of writing a biography about the complex and extraordinary life of Oprah Winfrey. In an article on the Kirkus Review website, published in 2010, a critic enjoys how the author of the biography, Up close: Oprah Winfrey, “makes excellent use of many quotes from interviews, Oprah’s own writing and, of course, her television show” (“Oprah Winfrey”). This reviewer appreciates how the biographer uses all of her resources to understand more information about Oprah. Some of Oprah’s greatest contributions to society are her generous donations to several organizations, and the way she encourages individuals to take actions that can not on...
The First Crusade was called in 1096 by Pope Urban II. The reasons for the First Crusade was to help obtain Jerusalem known as the holy land. During this time period the Muslims were occupying Jerusalem. First Crusade contained peasants and knights’ whose ethnicities consist of Franks, Latin’s, and Celts which were all from the western part of Europe. To get peasants and knights to join Pope Urban II objectives in return of a spiritual reward called “remission of all their sins” which was to be redeemed of any sins the individual has committed. When sins are redeemed Crusaders believed that they will escape the torment of hell. When lords and knights joined the crusade they were known as military elites. Crusaders were known as soldiers of Christ.
The Military Orders, including the Templars and Hospitallers, were created to protect pilgrims on the route to Jerusalem, but grew into ranks of professional soldiers with a great presence in the East, answerable to the Papacy. These orders “grew rapidly and acquired castles at strategic points in the kingdom and northern states. […] They were soon established in Europe as well, they became international organizations, virtually independent, sanctioned and constantly supported by the papacy” (Madden). The Pope possessed, for the first time, a dedicated military force in Europe. These two outcomes indicate the growth of the Church’s power as a result of the First Crusade, and support the proposition that the Papacy intended it as a way for advancing its political and economic position.
Henry is somewhat naïve, he dreams of glory, but doesn't think much of the duty that follows. Rather than a sense of patriotism, it is clear to the reader that Henry goals seem a little different, he wants praise and adulation. "On the way to Washington, the regiment was fed and caressed for station after station until the youth beloved
The Knights Templar organization began in 1119 and was founded by nine knights. The organization began after 700 Christian pilgrims, whom were on the path to the Jordan River, were attacked by Saracens, the Muslim inhabitants of the deserts near Syria. Out of the 700, 300 were killed. After this massacre, two French noblemen Hugues de Payen and Godfrey de St Omer, were allowed an audience with Baldwin II, whom was the king of Jerusalem at the time, who gave them permission to start their order as a small monastic brotherhoo...
Standing out more than the other soldiers in his regiment Henry defines his bravery by many different points throughout his experiences. While Henry is just a boy, his self-image is shared very descriptively while Henry tells his mother that he is joining the army. His mother completely rejects his adult decisions of becoming a soldier, but his thoughts were like bricks that could not be moved. Assuring that Henry was not making any rash decisions that he would regret, his mother respects his ideas and allows him to pursue his goal. Henry’s mother shows that she will dignify his decisions, “She had then covered her face with the quilt. There was an end to the matter for that night.” (Crane 5). For Henry’s sake of becoming a man and increasing his self-image, his mother puts her worries aside and lets him go to war. Therefore, Henry, with his decisions of war continues to lack knowledge of reality. His adolescent mind cannot comprehend the horrific scenes of battle, in preparation, he must increase his life visually before he is encouraged to fight for his country. The soldiers in Henry’s regiment tell their stories of battle and how different it really is compared to Henry's life back home. “He was nobody; now he is suddenly special, and this is what he wants.”(Breslin 268) . As Henry continues to be told the stories of men dying, people suffering, and the conditions of war, Henry’s vision of war changes. By understanding how war really is, it enables Henry to become more of a man while he is preparing himself mentally for his first experience in battle. On the other hand, Henry is unaware of how the future will end up. The risks he will have to take and the struggles he will have to overcome in order survive in battle will reveal...
The Society of Jesus was first established in France by Ignatius of Loyola 1534. Ignatius was a soldier in the Spanish army and saw combat when King Francis I of France invaded Spain in 1521 and on the 20th of May he was wounded when a cannonball hit his right leg which would forever leave him with a limp. His recuperation in the castle of Loyola, however, would lead Ignatius into a conversion of the soul. John W. O’Malley author of The First Jesuits, explains Ignatius of Loyola’s transformation in the castle: “He found none of the tales of the chivalry that he loved to read. In some desperation he turned to the only literature at hand—the lives of the saints in The Golden Legend by Jacopo da Voragine and the Life of Christ by Ludolph of Saxony” (O’Malley, 24). Still, according to O’Malley, he contemplated a return to service even with his limp, however, when he entertained the notion he was left “dry and agitated in spirit,” O’Malley again: “He gradually came to the conclusion that God was...
When the order was originally formed they were known as the Poor Knights of the Temple of King Solomon. It wasn’t until 1129 when the knight received the formal endorsements from the Catholic Church that they became the Templar Knights. The Pope Honorius II would dedicate the Templars as ...
Known as one of the Holiest, devoted and most lovable of men, St. Francis of Assisi founded The Franciscans in 1209. His message spread rapidly from Italy to all of Europe and became the most numerous of all the orders. Their also, known as Grey Friars because, of the color of their habit, meaning 124,000 of the Franciscan monks perished while ministering to the dying and the dead during the time of Black Death where the pestilence swept through the Europe in the 14th century.
The Theatines order was established to help stop the spread of heresy within the church. This order also helped with the regeneration of the clergy. The order of Ursulines specialized in educating young girls. Devoting to the traditional works of mercy, the Ursulines order helped exemplify the Counter Reformation’s reaffirmation of the importance of faith, works, and salvation through God's grace. This made the church much more effective, all while reaffirming the fundamental establishments of the Medieval Church.
There are numerous categories and classifications of crimes committed. Some classifications are based on the type of crime committed while some are some are classified by the perpetrator’s motivation in committing the crime. The serial killer behavioral patterns discussed in class are: visionary, mission based, hedonistic and power/control. While Shawcross’ murders centralized around prostitutes and could initially be classified as mission based, I believe that he was a hedonistic lust serial killer. He derived “sexual gratification from killing and who often establish a pattern, such as the manner in which they kill or the types of victims they select, such as prostitutes, children, or the elderly (Hickey 35).” Although evidence wasn’t found that Shawcross sexually penetrated his victims, the mutilation he performed on them had a definite sexual component that escalated in nature as he continued to kill. He bit one woman’s genital area, cut off another’s breasts, sodomized another and with June Stott, cut her from the top of the chest between her br...
Hospitals recognized the need for the case management model in the mid 1980’s to manage the lengths of stay of hospitalized patients and the treatment plans (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). In 1983, the Medicare prospective payment program was implemented which allowed hospitals to be reimbursed a set payment based on the patient’s diagnosis, or Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG), regardless of what treatment was provided or how long the patient was hospitalized (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). To keep the costs below the diagnosis related payment, hospitals ...
Sellars, Patricia. "The Business of Being Oprah." Fortune Aug 2002: scr 2-5. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Nov. 2002.
The novel opens with Henry Fleming in the field and remembering the route to his current condition within the war. Crane spends a good amount of time relaying the interaction between Henry and his mother as he prepares to go off to fight in the war as well as the questioning of himself as a man. What is so interesting about this particular part, as it relates to the end of the novel, is that the America ideals of the creation of a man (hero) through war and war as beautiful are approached and challenged.