Introduction
Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a concern for those who handle horses, especially in the case of performance horses. Rhabdomyolysis is a disease affects the muscles, leading to muscle deterioration often after a period of prolonged exertion or exercise. ER will exhibit a variety of symptoms depending on the severity and the breed. Some horses will present with stiffness in gait, muscle soreness and general poor performance 1. Upon examination muscles will appear swollen and/ or hard. Diagnosis of ER is done through biochemical analysis of creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase levels within blood. These enzymes are shown to be increased during a time of muscle damage. The amount of muscle damage that occurs will vary greatly, and it depends on many factors including underlying medical conditions, age, fitness level, gender and diet 2.
Through a variety of investigative studies involving muscles biopsies, researchers have posed a variety of different pathways through which treatment or prevention could be applied. Certain skeletal muscle gene mutations, found more often in Quarter horses, have explained a potential link between macronutrient balance of diet and risk of developing ER 3.Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) and Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER) are both genetic based disease that increase the risk of ER development4. PSSM is characterised by an unusual storage complex of glycogen in the muscles 5. RER is characterised by irregular myocellular calcium cycling and increased muscle contraction and necrosis 4. Current research is investigating the link between these conditions and ER in a variety of breeds. In these cases especially, it has been suggested that nutritional man...
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...tigation of selected biochemical indicators of Equine Rhabdomyolysis in Arabian horses: pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. Vet Res Commun. 2010;34(8):677–89. doi:10.1007/s11259-010-9439-5.
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The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
Not long after its discovery, CEM became one of the most internationally recognized diseases in the equine industry (Timoney, 2011). Contagious Equine Metritis has been reported in 29 countries, including Japan, Australia, and countries in Europe, North America and South America (Timoney, 2011). Additionally, Schulman et al. (2013) state that there have been 146 confirmed cases of CEM in 12 countries between the years 2000 and 2012, most of which were related to non-Thoroughbred horses and artificial breeding populations. Recent outbreaks of CEM have occurred in the U.S. in 2008-09, South Africa in 2011, and the UK in 2012 (Schulman et al., 2013). Incidences of the disease are reported mainly in Europe, but the exact distribution is ha...
The prognosis for individuals depends on the underlying cause of the trauma. Early recognition and knowing the symptoms are important in identifying rhabdomyolysis versus DOMS, whereas a misdiagnosis can be fatal. Whether a person has been working out for years or is a beginner, knowing the limits of their body is critical when preforming new exercise programs or workouts. Many of the cases of rhabdomyolysis may be associated with various causes of muscle and kidney damage, leading to electrolyte imbalance and hospitalization. The importance of a getting early treatment may prevent damage of internal organs, including acute kidney failure. Individuals participating is rigorous exercise programs should know their limits, have a healthy diet and overall
I have always wanted to be a Special Education teacher. I started deciding what I wanted to do in the eighth grade. This was also around the time I was diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome. Asperger’s is an autism spectrum disorder; people with it show difficulties in social interactions, and reading body language. For me, I have trouble making friends and having age appropriate conversations. It is difficult to read people’s emotions, which sometimes gets me into trouble. I have been given the gift to be able to help teach other children with special needs how to ride horses, and also learn about how the horses communicate with these riders differently then a “normal” person. Through working with Ian I have been able to obtain a better understanding of my career goals.
The condition known as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) gains its name from the similarities it shares with a widely known disease in humans: Metabolic Syndrome or better known as Type II Diabetes. The condition was suggested in 2002 by Johnson of the University of Missouri Veterinary Medicine College. He proposed insulin resistance, obesity of the neck, tail head and sheath/mammary gland area, and an increased predisposition to laminitis were symptoms of a clinical syndrome in horses and ponies....
It is used widely in medicine as a treatment for a number of serious illnesses, ranging from types of anaemia, to the treatment of certain types of cancer, and also in the battle against AIDS. Unfortunately certain athletes, who will do anything to win, have realised its ergogenic benefits, and also the severity of its misuse.
Thoroughbred horse racing is a worldwide sport and industry involving the racing of Thoroughbred horses. It is governed by different national bodies. There are two forms of the sport: flat racing and jump racing. So the study the clinical, hematological and biochemical biomarkers are most useful information that make the race horse such a super athlete and good managed. This study was carried out on twenty one thoroughbred race horses in order to evaluate physical performance and recovery time through measuring the clinical parameters (Heart rate, Respiratory rate, Body temperature and capillary refilling time), hematological (RBCs, PCV, Hb, total and Differential leucocytic count) and biochemical biomarkers ( TP, Albumin, AST, ALT, CK, LDH,
An assessment of adequate energy intake can be established by evaluating body condition. Deficient diets result in weight loss in the horse. Alternate causes of weight loss are internal parasites and disease. Excess energy intake wall cause obisity which stresses joints and reduces athletic ability. (arg.gov.sk.ca) A horse in moderate physical condition is described as “Back level. Ribs cannot be visually distinguished but can be easily felt. Fat around tailhead beginning to feel spongy. Withers appear rounded over spinous processes. Shoulders and neck blend smoothly into body.” (Henneke et al., 1981)
Equine-Assisted therapy so far has shown commendable results. “Equestrian Therapy” acknowledges that “it is a fairly new technique for autism and other disorders that has been providing promising results such that many are consistently utilize therapy animals in their treatment programs and only for autism but also for people with Asperger’s syndrome. Equine therapy for special needs is an animal-assisted therapy that helps children with a wide variety of disabilities. This type of therapy makes use of riding horses as an effective way of providing physical and emotional therapy as well as psychological benefits” (“Equestrian Therapy”). Equine Therapy helps develop the motor skills of a child while they learn to ride a horse. The calming
domestic horses (equus caballus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(3), 947-951. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809127105
...W.H Kwok, D.K.K Leung, T.S.M Wan, and A.S.Y Wong. "Metabolic Studies of Turinabol in Horses."Analytica Chimica Acta. 586 (2007): 208-216. Print.
The cowboy climbed aboard and gave a wild yell. The men holding the head of the horse let go and jumped back. Almost immediately the horse began bucking. The cowboy stayed with him though. The horse bucked around the pen slamming into the fence and off the post that was set in the middle of the pen. Finally the horse began to slow down and the cowboy got him under control. It would take another week of this before the horse would allow himself to be handled without blowing up.(Rashid 102)
How do equine-based sports affect equestrians with body image issues? Equine sports include but are not limited to the following disciplines: show jumping, dressage, mounted games, tent pegging, western, hunter, eventing, equitation, showing and racing. As with all athletes, body image and weight issues are problems that come with being a competing sportsman or sportswoman. This research is important in providing relevant information about equine sports and the competitors suffering from unhealthy body images. Competitive equestrian sport consists of both objectively and subjectively judged events.
Vitamin E in all its forms, functions predominantly as an antioxidant by protecting cells from free radicals in the body. Vitamin E works as an antioxidant by donating a hydrogen atom from a hydroxyl group to a free radical within the body. Vitamin E also plays a role in immune system function and protects cell membranes and regulation of gene expression. Vitamin E has been studied to uncover other medical usages, including prevention or treatment of many health conditions [1].
“Fibroblast responses to variation in soft tissue mobilization pressure.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. April 1999: 531-5. Hargrove, Eugene C., ed. Animal Rights/Environmental Ethics Debate, Inc. Environmental Perspective.