Data were collected from a convenience sample of undergraduate women attending North Carolina Central University and Duke University. With the survey being sent out to every female undergraduate with a university registered email on each campus, 2,200 completed responses were received. Due to the nature of “Hook-Up Culture”, single women became the focus of the study and from the sample 1,800, single students were self-identified. The exclusion of 400 students was due to subjects not answering items, a concrete relation status or survey answers that conflicted (e.g. inconsistencies in participants’ reports of sex partners in different questions). Participants were diverse with many participants identifying as White (46.5%), Black (39.3%), Asian (4.6%), Latinx (3.9%) or non-reported (5.7%). Their mean age was 20.7 years (SD = 1.9)
Measures
A questionnaire was curated to query participants’ demographic background (e.g. gender identity, sexuality, race and religious affiliation), perspectives they have around “hook up culture”, sexual double standards and their personal involvement in non-committal sex. The items in this questionnaire were formulated by the researchers that administered it (= .87). As many existing surveys about sexual behaviors assess this in different ways, it
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From the time they were sent out, students had 3 months to submit their responses; giving them an extended time for reflection and submission. As participants opened the form they were provided with instructions for completion, the information about the Amazon gift card raffle and a consent form in align with the International Review Board standards. All surveys were confidential and anonymous with no questions concerning names or id numbers. Once the data was analyzed, participants were sent debriefing information and contact info for any
Conor Kelly argues in her article, “Sexism in Practice: Feminist Ethics Evaluating the Hookup Culture” that the hookup culture is sexist and disempowers women. Although, he mentions it is difficult to define “hooking up” but majority of the students will agree that it involves “some level of sexual activity without the constraints and expectations of a relationship” (Kelly 65). In other words, when two people have casual sex with no strings attached, when they both finish they both can go on with their lives without
Farley in the “Norms for Just Sex” argues that social justice has accepted the norms on hooking up. “The norm derives from our obligation to respect relationally, but not only from this. It derives more generally from the obligation to respect all persons as ends in themselves, to respect their autonomy and relationally, and thus not to harm them but to support them (Farley, 228)”. This correlates with my argument that hooking up is moral based on the acceptance of society. In addition “whether persons are single or married, gay or straight, bisexual or ambiguously gendered, old or young, abled or challenge in the ordinary forms of sexual expression, they have claims to respect from the Christian community as well as the wider society (Farley, 228).” Again, this proves my argument to be right when I said that acceptance is the key to hooking up, no one really cares anymore of who you are, what you do, and how you do it, as long as you can accept one another hooking up is the norm of
They base their findings on the National Health and Social Life Survey, which found that those born after 1942 were “more sexually active at younger ages” than those born from 1933-42, and the trend toward greater sexual activity among young people “appears to halt or reverse” among those born from 1963-72. In addition to these facts, an English survey of more than 14,000 students from 19 universities and colleges about their hookup, dating, and relationship experiences revealed that 72% of students experience a hookup at least once by their senior year in college, but hooking up hasn’t replaced committed relationships and is not a new concept to young adults. The evidence is convincing and shows that students often participate in both at different times during college (69% of heterosexual students participated in a relationship lasting at least 6 months by senior year as well.) Based on this, the amount of hookups and committed relationship by college students seems to even out over
Donna Freitas in The End of Sex gives her thoughts on how hookup culture is affecting specifically college students. Her judgment comes out of a space where she wants, “to empower them (participants in hookups) to seek the kinds of relationships they want…” (16). Though her perspective comes from a good place, her argument has points that are shaming, archaic, dismissive, and one sided. Her argument seems to be that of a pro-woman stance at times, neglecting one of the key feminism ideals of choice. Freitas uses patriarchal arguments to back up her ideas, tarnishing her perspectives that come off as woman empowering. The book, The End of Sex, neglects to be conscious of female independence
In 2011, the article, “Romantic Partners, Friends, Friends with Benefits, and Casual Acquaintances as Sexual Partners,” by Wyndol Furman and Laura Shaffer was published in Journal of Sex Research. It was in Volume 48, Issue 6 and on page 554-564. The article is about a study which examined sexual behaviors that associates with different types of partners.
According to the article “Tinder and the Dawn of the “Dating Apocalypse,’” “People used to meet their partners through proximity, through family and friends, but now Internet meeting is surpassing every other form” (Sales). Jo Sales’ point is that the Internet is overtaking other ways of meeting a partner. In the past, the way of finding one’s potential partner was through family members, but now society is moving in the direction of using the Internet as a way to find their partners. Students in college provided a great amount of information regarding hookup culture, which supported Jo Sales arguments. According to Martin Monto and Anna Carey, “Current research and the popular media have claimed that the hookup culture is a widespread phenomenon that has replaced traditional dating...” (Monto and Carey 606). In making this comment, traditional relationships that were once said to be loving and caring have moved to sexual activity called hookups. Research shows how hookup culture has overtaken the roots of traditional dating and will continue to expand in the future. The study shows how college students were involved in one-night stands frequently knowing that they do not want to build a long lasting relationship. Traditional dating in the past formed stable relationships, and the idea of hookup culture was not even a topic of discussion. Questions
Since the dawn of man, sex has played a crucial role in society. Before they learned to read or write humans were engaging in sex and without it none of us would be here. In today’s society, sex has grown to become much more complicated. If I were to ask a group of people on the street what they believed sex was? I bet they would have a hard time answering. The question puzzling society today is how do we define sex? Can we define sex? These are questions raised in Tracy Steele’s article “Doing it: The Social Construction of S-E-X”. This article is about the current questions and issues that have been raised about sex within today’s society. In this paper I will summarize the key points of the article, while sharing my own thoughts and opinions of Steele’s findings.
College is full of experiences from the late night cram sessions to the wild parties. For many young adults, college is the perfect time to have their first experiences with relationships and love if they had not engaged in intimacy prior to college. Young adults seem to be engaging in an alternative to dating known as the hook up or even Netflix and chill. For the few who have been left in the dark hook ups involve kissing, making out and having sex. If you think about it a hook up essentially the same thing as a one night stand. I do not know about most people, but I believe that one night stands have been around for quite some time. More and more college students are known now more than ever to turn to toward this quick simple and empty sexual act. Old school dates have somewhat become replaced by this so much so that some question if this has happened before in earlier generations. Sociologist Paula England writes about the hookup culture and states in her interview with Dalton Conley that she believes
In the article “An Anthropological Look at Human Sexuality” the authors, Patrick Gray and Linda Wolfe speak about how societies look at human sexuality. The core concept of anthology is the idea of culture, the systems of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors people acquire as a member of society. The authors give an in depth analysis on how human sexuality is looked at in all different situations.
African culture perceptions on sexual activity are negatively viewed because of Western views in Americans. How can one judge the basis of someone else’s culture? What’s considered morally right or wrong to them may go against everything Africans has ever believed in. Acceptable sexual attitudes and behaviors are a direct correlation of norms within the culture.
Now while casual sex is not innately a bad thing, a culture that prioritizes sex over love is. As the line between sex and love gets more ambiguous so too does the line between a healthy and unhealthy relationship. Adolescents who constantly absorb sexual media at a young age are more likely to accept a hook up culture as their own. This can lead to young adults with limited romantic relationship experiences to accept hookup culture as the normal. The worst part is that these people are often self fulfilling prophecies.
The hookup culture has become deeply ingrained in the college experience, all across the country students are fulfilling their desires while preserving their autonomy. On the surface the hookup culture doesn’t sound so bad, however, I am going to argue that the hookup culture itself stems from and promulgates problematic societal inequalities. I will develop my claim by first discussing the dominance of the hookup culture and the societal pressure placed on those who don’t want to participate or are unsure about participating in what the culture has to offer. Then, I will illustrate why the general dynamic of the heterosexual hookup is an uneven playing field even for women who actively choose to participate in the hookup culture. Finally,
The first topic that was approached in this essay was sexual desire among men, women, gays, and lesbians. The research concluded that men have more sexual desire than women. Men not only have more sexual desire, but they also have more interest in sex, sex fantasies, and spend more money on sexual products like porn and prostitutes. Another subject that was brought up was that in heterosexual relationships the man in the relationship wants to have more sex, but ultimately has to compromise with their female partner. Lesbian relationships has reported that they have sex less often then in gay or heterosexual relationship, which makes sense since women tend to have a lower sex drive.
Paul, E. L., & Hayes, K. A. (2002). The casualties of “casual” sex: A qualitative exploration of the phenomenology of college students’ hookups. Journal of personal and Social Relationships, 19, 639-661.
Historically, research on sexuality has been driven by a public health agenda, which is overshadowed by moral panic and bad outcomes of adolescent sexuality (i.e. STIs, unintended pregnancy, etc.). This perpetuated widespread abstinence policies in institutions in which adolescents were involved. This heteronormative and patriarchal society rested upon the assumption that women were gatekeepers of insatiable male sexuality and that frankly, boys will be boys.